Microvascular disease increases the risk of lower limb amputation – A Western Danish cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Peripheral artery disease is the leading cause of nontraumatic lower limb amputation. Microvascular disease (MVD) increases the risk of lower limb amputation in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). We estimated the risk of lower limb amputation associated with MVD and PAD in a Danish cohort. METHODS: We included every resident without previous lower limb amputation in Western Denmark aged 50-75 years on 1 January 2012 and followed them for 7 years. Participants were stratified by MVD and PAD. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios of lower limb amputation using individuals with no MVD and no PAD as reference. We also provide a sex-specific analysis and estimated the population attributable fraction of the male sex. RESULTS: We included 933,597 individuals, of whom 16,741 had MVD only, 18,217 had PAD only and 1,827 had MVD and PAD. Both MVD only (adjusted hazard ratio 3.36, 95% CI 2.98-3.73) and PAD only (adjusted hazard ratio 7.32, 95% CI 6.62-8.08) increased the risk of lower limb amputation separately. Individuals with MVD and PAD had the highest risk of amputation (adjusted hazard ratio 12.27, 95% CI 10.43-14.80). Men had an increased absolute risk of amputation. The population attributable fraction associated with the male sex was 31%. CONCLUSIONS: Microvascular disease and PAD are independently associated with a threefold and sevenfold increase of amputation risk, respectively. Combined, they had an additive effect constituting a 12-fold amputation risk. The amputation risk was higher in men than women, and 3 in 10 amputations were attributed to the male sex.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".