Bibliographic record
Abstract
The word ‘revolution’ was traditionally used to describe the movement of planets around their axis, but, after the sixteenth century, it became a political concept, describing radical upheavals in the social and political order, as well as the overthrowing of a ruling class or group. It is in this modern sense that Karl Marx used it. His main reference for thinking about revolutions was the French Revolution (1789–94): a massive popular uprising that deeply transformed the political institutions and social structure of France and Europe more broadly. Marx’s analyses of revolutionary events were always linked to the concept of class struggle. He referred to the Peasant Wars of the sixteenth century in Germany as a ‘peasant revolution’, to the English and French Revolutions as ‘bourgeois revolutions’, and to the Paris Commune of 1871 as a ‘proletarian revolution’. The revolutions of 1848–9 in France and Germany were perceived as a protracted class confrontation between the monarchist aristocracy, the liberal bourgeoisie, the democratic petty-bourgeoisie, and the proletarian masses.1
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".