Neuropathic bladder and intermittent catheterization: social and psychological impact on families
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) is the mainstay of management in neuropathic vesicourethral dysfunction, both to improve continence and, more importantly, to preserve renal function. We looked at the effects of this procedure on children, adolescents, and their families. In particular, we wished to see if there were any differences between those who successfully catheterized and those who did not. Forty families were enrolled into the study. Ages of children and adolescents (23 females, 17 males) ranged from 1 to 20 years. Most participants ( n =31) had spina bifida. Other causes of bladder dysfunction included transverse myelitis, spinal cord injury, and spinal neuroblastoma. Parents were assessed using the Effects of Handicap on Parents semi‐structured interview, the Socioemotional Functioning Interview, and a semi‐structured interview, specifically designed for the study, which looked at family characteristics and experience related to diagnosis and catheterization. In addition, the Rutter Parental‘A’Scale Questionnaire was used to screen for emotional and behavioural disorders in the child. Results showed that CIC by carer or self‐ catheterization itself did not cause major emotional and behavioural problems but the bladder problem may act as a focus that puts considerable strain family relationships. Although most parents disliked CIC they complied with the suggested management. It is important that all those involved understand the aims of management and success can be achieved by combined input from medical, psychological, and specialist nursing staff. The problem is lifelong and continued support from a multidisciplinary team is essential.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".