Impact of Hourly Measured Speed on Accident Risk in the Netherlands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several scholars have defined the urgent need for more research to identify more fully the precise relationship between speed and crash involvement. This paper presents the first results of an exploratory study carried out in the Brabant Southeast police region in the Netherlands. Hourly speed measurement data over a period of 2 years were collected from loop detectors on the municipal and provincial road network and were related to crashes. Different aspects of traffic intensity, speed, and their impact on crashes, including absolute speed, speed variation, and the proportion of excessive speeders, for vehicles less than and more than 5.2 m long, were studied. The study also discusses a number of methodological aspects associated with this kind of analysis. The results show that although absolute speed plays a more important role on roads where speed limits are low, the variation in speed correlates more with crashes when speed limits are higher. Given the limited study area, the results of this work cannot be generalized without risk. However, they offer interesting insights that deserve further investigation in a nationwide cross-sectional study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".