Bibliographic record
Abstract
The regulation of plasma calcium levels is essential for the normal physiologic function of every cell. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the principal regulator of serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. PTH is synthesized and secreted by the parathyroid chief cells in the parathyroid glands primarily in response to a decline in serum calcium levels. The causes of hypocalcemia can be broadly classified as inadequate PTH or vitamin D production, PTH resistance, or miscellaneous causes. The term "hypoparathyroidism" refers to a metabolic disorder in which hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia occur either from a failure of the parathyroid glands to secrete sufficient amounts of biologically active PTH, or from an inability of PTH to appropriately induce a biological response in its target tissues. The most common cause of acquired hypoparathyroidism is surgery, accounting for 75% of all cases. Nonsurgical causes of hypoparathyroidism include autoimmune, genetic variants, infiltrative, metastatic, radiation, mineral deposition, magnesium deficiency or excess or idiopathic. The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of the physiology of calcium homeostasis, the causes of hypocalcemia, and the epidemiology of hypoparathyroidism. It is very important to determine the underlying cause of the hypoparathyroidism in order to effectively treat our patients and improve quality of life.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Review About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Not applicable | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Review About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Not applicable | medium |
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".