PROTOCOL: Interventions for promoting reintegration and reducing harmful behaviour and lifestyles in street‐connected children and young people
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEMThe number of street-connected children and young people worldwide has been estimated at around 100 million (UNICEF 2002), although this figure is widely contested.It is recognised that exact numbers are unknown and estimates vary, due in part to political motivations (CSC 2011).Numbers differ depending on whether estimated by governments or non-government organisations (NGOs), and the definition and status of the problem has traditionally differed for Europe and other high income countries, although some of the structural antecedents such as inequalities or social exclusion may be similar.For example, a minimum of 66,000 first-time runaways per year is recorded in England (CSC 2009), and Canada's street-connected children and young people may be runaways who have escaped sexual or physical abuse.Data for the US estimate 1 to 2 million 'street involved youth'.The difficulty in estimating numbers is in part due to wide variations in definitions of which young people are included and the lack of formal identity papers, for most street-connected children and young people.The definition of 'street-connected children and young people' can overlap with other categories such as runaways and homeless youth, children who have been trafficked, child labourers, migrant children, children who live in slums, and children living in institutions (Ennew 2003; UNICEF 2005).Many commentators argue that the issues prevalent in the lives of street-connected children, including the risks, do not differ for other children living in urban or rural poverty, and that approaches to the issue of street-connected children and young people should not be disconnected from approaches to ameliorate poverty and social exclusion more generally (CSC 2011; Panter-Brick 2002).This review however focuses on streetconnected children.Definitions, too, are much debated and contested, particularly in light of the research that highlights young people's agency and resilience (Beazley 2003; Van Blerk 2006).Qualitative studies conceptualise agency as an element of young people's resilience-building capacity, enabling street-connected children and youth, for example, to negotiate for their basic needs, draw on social support networks, and explore pathways to achieve their personal goals in a resourceful manner (Theron 2010).A summary from the overview by the Consortium for Street Children (CSC) states: "street children are recognized to be young people who experience a combination of multiple deprivations and 'street-connectedness'" (CSC 2011).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.019 | 0.036 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.206 | 0.027 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".