Canada geese dispersed cultigen pollen grains from prehistoric Iroquoian fields to Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research Article| January 01, 2007 CANADA GEESE DISPERSED CULTIGEN POLLEN GRAINS FROM PREHISTORIC IROQUOIAN FIELDS TO CRAWFORD LAKE, ONTARIO, CANADA JOHN H. MCANDREWS; JOHN H. MCANDREWS Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Geology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada and Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada, e-mail: jock.mcandrews@utoronto.ca Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar CHARLES L. TURTON CHARLES L. TURTON Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Palynology (2007) 31 (1): 9–18. https://doi.org/10.2113/gspalynol.31.1.9 Article history first online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation JOHN H. MCANDREWS, CHARLES L. TURTON; CANADA GEESE DISPERSED CULTIGEN POLLEN GRAINS FROM PREHISTORIC IROQUOIAN FIELDS TO CRAWFORD LAKE, ONTARIO, CANADA. Palynology 2007;; 31 (1): 9–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gspalynol.31.1.9 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyPalynology Search Advanced Search Abstract Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada (43°28.1′ N, 79°56.9′ W, 278 masl) has varved and AMS dated sediments containing fossil pollen that record native Iroquoian farming ca. AD 1268 to 1520. From before AD 1000 to 1268, bioturbating organisms caused poor varve preservation but since then, well-preserved varves and dung pellets reflect anoxic bottom water due to meromixis. The onset of varve preservation coincides with the occurrences of pollen grains of Zea (maize), Helianthus (sunflower), Phaseolus (bean), Cucurbita (squash) and Portulaca (purslane), and spores of Ustilago cf. maydis (maize smut). These pollen grains and spores are more abundant in pellets between varve laminae than in the surrounding sediment matrix. Analyses of DNA from five pellets demonstrate that they are dung from wild Canada geese (Branta canadensis). In the autumn, as geese foraged in Iroquoian fields, they inadvertently ingested pollen and spores before flying to the lake. There they roosted and cast the pollen-rich dung pellets, which became part of the sediment. This study demonstrates that birds, wild geese and perhaps ducks, can be important vectors of pollen to lake sediments located near agricultural settlements. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".