Nitrogen Enrichment of Activated Carbon Made From Coconut Shell of Ivory Coast and its Application in Cd2+ Ions Removal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urea was employed to modify activated carbons by KOH activation at high temperature from coconut shell from Ivory Coast.The urea-modified activated carbon was used to improve Cd2+ ions adsorption from aqueous solutions.The original activated carbon (AC) and urea-modified activated carbon (ACU) were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, Boehm's titration, SEM, FTIR,elemental analysis and XPS analysis.The Cd2+ ions removal capabilities of AC and ACU were evaluated by batch sorption experiments.The results of N2 adsorption/desorption demonstrated that the BET surface areas and total pore volumes of AC decreased after urea-modification.Nevertheless, the results of elemental analysis, Boehm's titration and FTIR showed that ACU contained more surface nitrogen functional groups than AC.Adsorption tests revealed that ACU had a higher adsorption capacity of Cd2+ than AC.Experimental adsorption data of Cd2+ ions on AC and ACU were better described by the Freundlich model.The main mechanisms for the adsorption of Cd2+ ions onto the carbons were supposed to be cation exchange and covalent bond formation.Kinetic study was performed,and the pseudo-second order model better described the adsorptions processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".