Geographic Variation in the Wingtip Patterns of Black-Legged Kittiwakes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper reports geographic variation in wingtip patterns of Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) from the circumpolar Arctic. The amount of black in the wingtip increased and the amount of white decreased from Arctic Canada–west Greenland, counterclockwise to the Pacific. Differences were greatest between Pacific and Atlantic, but were also apparent within the Atlantic sample. Patterns of variation were not clinal. Known levels of philopatry in kittiwakes would tend to maintain both phenotypic and genotypic differences between regions, but the similarity of birds from Newfoundland, British Isles, and Barents Sea suggests some degree of dispersal over this wide area. Wingtip pattern data support continued separation of Pacific and Atlantic kittiwakes into two subspecies under the biological species concept. Under the phylogenetic species concept, Pacific and Atlantic Black-legged Kittiwakes may represent two species. Variación Geográfica en los Patrones de Coloración de la Punta del Ala de Rissa tridactyla Resumen. Este trabajo presenta la variación geográfica existente en los patrones de coloración de la punta del ala de Rissa tridactyla en el área circumpolar ártica. La cantidad de negro en la punta del ala incrementó y la cantidad de blanco disminuyó desde el ártico canadiense y el oeste de Groenlandia en sentido contrario a las agujas del reloj hacia el Pacífico. Las mayores diferencias se registraron entre el Pacífico y el Atlántico, pero también fueron evidentes en la muestra del Atlántico. Los patrones de variación no fueron graduales. Los niveles conocidos de filopatría en R. tridactyla tenderían a mantener las diferencias tanto fenotípicas como genotípicas entre regiones, pero la similitud de las aves de Newfoundland, las Islas Británicas y el Mar de Barents sugiere algún grado de dispersión a través de esta extensa área. Considerando el concepto biológico de especie, los datos sobre los patrones de la punta del ala apoyan la separación de las aves del Pacífico y del Atlántico en dos subespecies. Considerando el concepto filogenético de especie, los individuos de R. tridactyla del Pacífico y del Atlántico pueden pertenecer a dos especies diferentes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".