Integrated MMI couplers based 4Ă—4 all optical switch with absolute loss uniformity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a compact, low-loss, completely non-blocking 4x4 optical switch possessing loss uniformity with a negligible variation of 0.8%-1.5%. It is observed that the total switching loss ranges from 1.8% to 4.1% only with fabrication tolerances of +/-2.5%. Integration of MMI waveguides approach has been used to optimize switching speed, losses and overall on chip area coverage of the proposed switch. Full Text: PDF References: G.I. Papadimitriou, Ch. Papazoglou, and A.S. Pomportsis (2003) ?Optical Switching: Switch Fabrics, Techniques, and Architectures? J. Lightwave Technol. 21, 384-405 (2003) [CrossReff] R. Yin, J. Yang, X. Jiang, J. Li, and M. Wang ?Improved approach to low-loss and high-uniformity MMI devices? Opt. Commun. 181, 317-321 (2000). [CrossReff] R. Ramaswami, K.N. Sivarajan, Optical networks: A practical perspective, 2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002. Z. Tao, J. Chen, D. Wu, A. Xu, ?Nonblocking 3x3 OXC with less optical switches? Fifth Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications and Fourth Optoelectronics and Communications Conference, 1999. APCC/OECC '99. Vol. 1, 18-22 Oct. 1999 page(s):454 ? 455, 1999. M.P. Earnshaw, J.B.D. Soole, M. Cappuzzo, L. Gomez, E. Laskowski, A. Paunescu ?Compact, low-loss 4 x 4 optical switch matrix using multimode interferometers?, Electron. Lett. 37, 115-116 (2001). [CrossReff] D.S. Levy, Y. M. Li, R. Scarmozzino, and R.M. Osgood, ?A Multimode Interference-Based Variable Power Splitter in GaAs?AlGaAs? IEEE Photonics Tech. Lett. 9, 1373-1375 (1997) [CrossReff] S.R. Kisting et al ?High precision temperature- and energy-dependent refractive index of GaAs determined from excitation of optical waveguide eigenmodes?, Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 1328 (1990) [CrossReff] F. Wang, J. Yang, L. Chen, X. Jiang, and M. Wang, ?Optical switch based on multimode interference coupler?, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18, (2006). S. Kumai, T. Ishikawa, A. Okazaki, K. Utaka, H. Amanai, K. Kurihara, and K. Shimoyama, ?High-speed optical switching of InAlGaAs/InAlAs multi-mode interference photonic switch with partial index-modulation region (MIPS-P)?, IEICE Electron. Express 2, 578-582 (2005) [CrossReff] N. Xie and K. Utaka, ?Proposal of a Novel MMI-Based NxN Non-Blocking Optical Ring Switch?, Optical Fiber Communication and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, OFC/NFOEC, page: 1 ? 3, 25-29 March 2007. S. S. Agashe, K.-T. Shiu, and S. R. Forrest ?Compact polarization-insensitive InGaAsP?InP 2x 2 optical switch? IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17, (2005). Ch. Shaowu; Y. Jinzhong; L. Jingwei; W. Zhangtao; X. Jinsong, ?First IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics, 29 Sept.-1 Oct. 2004 Page(s):46 ? 48, 2004. Y..Jinzhong et al. ?Research progresses of SOI optical waveguide devices and integrated optical switch matrix? Science in China Press, co-published with Springer-Verlag GmbH, page no. 234-246, Vol. 48, No.2, April, 2005. Z. Jin and G. Peng, ?Designing optical switches based on silica multimode interference devices? Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium 2005, Hangzhou, China, August 22-26, page no. 58-61, 2005. OptiBPM ?Technical background and tutorials? waveguide optics modeling software system, Version 8.0, second edition, Optiwave Inc. 2006. M. Maier, ?Optical switching networks?, University of Québec, Montréal, Cambridge publications, ISBN-13: 9780521868006, 2008.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".