Ozone Chemically-Enhanced Backwashes For Ceramic Membrane Fouling Control in Cyanobacteria-Laden Surface Water Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Membranes have been shown to be e↵ective physical barriers against cyanobacteria, however, membrane fouling in surface waters impacted by cyanobacteria is poorly controlled and results in high operating costs.A possible solution is the chemicallyenhanced backwash (CEB), a cleaning strategy in which a chemical is combined with a hydraulic backwash for in-situ fouling control.This research investigates the potential of using an ozone CEB to control the fouling caused by Microcystis aeruginosa in surface water on a ceramic ultrafiltration membrane.To this end, batch ozonation tests and dead-end, continuous flow, experiments were conducted with ozone doses between 0 and 19 mg O 3 /mg carbon on the membrane.Water samples used in theses experiments were partially-treated surface water, cyanobacteria-spiked ultrapure water, and cyanobacteria-spiked partially-treated surface water.In the batch tests, ozone reacted more rapidly with the surface water foulants than with cyanobacteria.Interestingly, the opposite was observed during a CEB, highlighting the contribution of the hydraulic force to the cleaning e↵ects of a CEB.Ozone likely weakens the highly compressible cake layer formed by cyanobacteria on the membrane surface during filtration, which is then more hydraulically reversible.This became clearer when operating the membrane over several filtration cycles.In fact, the first CEB o↵ered a slight improvement over the traditional hydraulic backwash but the second CEB, which was initiated once more cyanobacteria accumulated on the membrane, i vi List of Tables 2.1 Classification of membrane processes and associated operational parameters.Adapted from Van der Bruggen et al. (2003) . . . . . . . .2.2 Common membrane cleaning agents and possible interactions with foulants (Shi et al., 2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3 Experimental conditions used in combined ozonation and ceramic membrane filtration studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".