88Statins reduce epicardial adipose tissue CT attenuation potentially through an anti-inflammatory effect
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is visceral fat surrounding the heart and coronary arteries and unlike sub-cutaneous adipose tissue (SubQ) it is inflamed in patients with coronary artery disease. As such EAT has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Statins reduce cardiovascular events and have been shown to regress the volume of EAT. It is unknown whether they affect EAT attenuation which is a surrogate marker of inflammation (inflamed fat = higher attenuation). Methods. We reviewed the chest CT scans of 419 post-menopausal women randomized in a clinical trial to either 80 mg of atorvastatin (AT) or 40 mg of pravastatin (PV) daily and submitted to 2 CT scans 1 year apart to measure change in coronary artery calcium score (CAC). The EAT attenuation was measured in Hounsfield units (HU) near the proximal right coronary artery and remote from any area of coronary artery calcium (Figure 1). Chest CT images were also queried for SubQ attenuation change over time. Results. The mean age of the randomized patients was 65 + 6 years. EAT HU improved (i.e attenuation decreased) by the same extent in the AT and PV patients (average change -6 HU in the entire cohort; p < 0.0001). There was no correlation between change in total cholesterol, LDL-C , CAC and EAT volume and EAT HU change (all p = NS). Increase in HDL-C was marginally associated with EAT HU change (p = 0.07). Statin treatment did not induce a change in SubQ attenuation over time. Limitations. Post-hoc analysis of a randomized trial in post-menopausal women. Comparison of two active treatment arms without placebo control. There is no knowledge of the clinical significance of observed change in EAT HU. Conclusions. Statin treatment induced a favorable change in EAT HU over time. More aggressive LDL-C lowering was not more effective than moderate LDL-C lowering. Increase in HDL-C was marginally associated with EAT HU change. The positive effect on EAT and neutral effect on SubQ adipose tissue suggests that statins may have exerted an anti-inflammatory effect on visceral tissue. This may be another pleotropic effect of statins independent of their lipid lowering effect. Abstract 88 Figure 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".