Systems engineering: the design and operation of municipal solid waste landfills to minimize contamination of groundwater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the need to adopt a systems engineering approach to the design and operation of municipal solid waste landfills. It discusses how the interaction between the different components affects the performance of the entire system, and how, because of this interaction, the performance of the system as a whole is much better than the individual contributions of each of the parts. Issues discussed in this context are: landfill covers and the role that they play; the effect of landfill operations such as the waste placement and leachate recirculation on liner temperature and leachate characteristics; leachate collection and the control of head on the liner; diffusion of contaminants through composite liners; the effect of geomembrane–clay liner interaction on leakage; the significance of wrinkles in a geomembrane; the effect of liner temperature on leakage; possible means of controlling liner temperature; geomembrane protection; the long-term performance of geomembranes and geosynthetic clay liners; and finally the contaminant transport implications of these issues. It is concluded that by taking a systems approach to design, construction and operations we can provide safer containment of waste and long term-environmental protection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".