Index

Citation (2021), "Index", Grech, A. (Ed.) Media, Technology and Education in a Post-Truth Society (Digital Activism and Society: Politics, Economy And Culture In Network Communication), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 285-295. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80043-906-120211021 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2021 Alex Grech. Published by Emerald Publishing under an exclusive licence INDEX Absolute truth, 139–140 Absorptive capacity, 99 Academic credit, 213 Accidental Napalm, 192–193 Accountability, 167 Aesthetic manipulation, 183 Aesthetic modification, 178 Affect, 17, 266–267 Affirmative action, 12, 22 Africentric Alternative Schools (AASs), 22–23 Afrocentric schools, 22–23 Agentic perspective, 157 Agreeableness, 44, 47 Airbrushing, 178 Alhurra , 62 AllCrypt, 227 Alphabet (Google), 120 Alternative facts, 4, 115–116 Amazon, 78, 235 American Civil War, 192–193 American Library Association, 31–32 Anchoring of data, 260 Anesthetics, 199 Annotations, 148 Anti-foundationalism, 25 Anti-potterites, 83 Apple, 120 Applied research, 217 Apprenticeship, 209 Arab Journalism, 64–66 Arab Spring, 162 Arbitration Committee, 136 Arizona State University (ASU), 212 Artificial intelligence (AI), 30–31, 42–43, 48 Artificial superintelligence, 43 Attitudes, skills, and knowledge (ASK), 205 applied research and common good, 217 ASK-SkillsCredit badge, 209–210 ASK-SkillsCredit Dashboard, 212–216 assessment and verification, 212 career and student success, 216 internationalization, 217 key attributes of problem, 205–207 model, 208–212 solutions others, 207–208 universities, 216 Authenticity in Arab media ecosystem, 63 Authoritarianism, 61 Authority, 272–273 authority-versus-individual continuum model, 36 epistemic, 12 Automation, 45, 67 Awareness of fake images, 184 Badges, 207 Balkans, 194–197 Belief, 85 Biased language, 148 “Big 5” personality traits, 44 Big data science, 3 Biological drive, 211 Bitcoin, 225–227, 244, 259–260 Bitcoin Core, 247–248 Bitcoinia, 227 Bitomat, 227 Black-boxed algorithms, 3 Blended-capital paradigm, 98–99 Blitzkrieg media, 160 Block, 259–260 Blockchain, 225–226, 243–244, 248, 250 bitcoin, 225–226 carnival of incompetence, 226–227 distributed ledger technology, 225–228 economic ideas of Karl Marx, 228–229 labour vs. capital, 229–231 network, 259–260 nostalgia vs. future, 231–233 promise, 233–234 systems, 244, 247 technology, 255–256 as technology in digital economy, 234–237 terminology, 226 trust in blockchain as decentralised governance system, 250–251 truth, 243–246, 248 Blogs, 4 Bobble service, 262 Bordeaux Declaration, 149 Brexit, 140 BTC, 227 California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), 89 Capital, 228–229, 231, 237–238 Career and student success, 216 Celebrity news, 127 Censorship, 29–30, 60 of information, 79–80 trials, 31 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 34 Centrality of digital media, 162 Chronicle of Higher Education, The , 34 Citizen journalism, 197–198 Civil societies, 167 Civility, 137–138 Clickbait, 142 CNN, 138–139 Code breaker, 86 Code of Principles, 82–83 Cognitive nihilism, 12 Cognitive skills, 44–45 Coherence, 12, 166 metaphysical supporters, 13 theory, 13 Colour-blind ideology, 24 Commercialization, 278 Commodity, 126 Common good, 217 Communication. See also Technology, 4, 157 politics and, 169 skills, 45–46 technologies, 57 Communications Decency Act, 5–6 Competency, 85–86 Compositing, 178 Compulsory schooling, 44–45 Computation, 246 Computer running software-based artificial general intelligence, 43 Conscientiousness, 44 Consensus mechanism, 259–260 Consensus truth, 140 Conspiracy theories, 34, 257 Contemporary news in MENA, 60–64 Content business model, 30–31 Content Identifier (CID), 213 Content moderation, 75, 79–81 Context of publication, 275 Context-bound definitions, 216 Convenience, 118 Convergence, 113 Copyright, 29–30 Coronavirus pandemic, 34 Correspondence, 12 Counterbalancing news sources and competing truths, 64–66 Counterhistory, 192 Counternarratives, 66 COVID-19, 34, 46–47 infodemic, 76–78 pandemic, 62, 75, 101–102 Cratylus , 13 Creative, Culture Industry (CCI), 209–210 Creative commons, 136 Creativity, 100–101 Credibility of media, 148 Crimea War, 192–193 Crisis, 124–125 Critical literacy, 75 COVID-19 Infodemic, 76–78 education fit for societal purpose, 83–88 to moderate or not to moderate, 80–83 to regulate or not to regulate, 78–80 Critical news literacy, 67–68 Cropping, 177 Cryptocapital, 237 Cryptocurrency, 226, 243–244 Cryptographic signatures, 244 Cultural invention, 126 Cultural pluralism, 139–140 Cultural significance, 124 Culture, 272 digital, 157 organizational, 100–101 of secrecy, 60 Current news, 57–60 Custom, 29–30 Cyber polarization, 65–66 Cyber-dissent, 61 Data, 236–237 Decentralisation, 255–256, 267 Decentralised identifier (DID), 261–262 Decentralised technologies, 258–259 Decentralised verification technologies, 258–259 barriers and challenges, 266–267 decentralised web, 263–266 DLT, 259–260 self-sovereign data, 262 SSI, 260–262 Web, 256–258 Decentralised web, 263–266 Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), 104–105 Decentralized schooling marketplace, OI relevance in, 97–100 Decline of news, 126–128 Deductive reasoning, 245 Deep Fakes, 182, 185 technology, 176 videos, 182 DeepTrust Alliance , 6–7 Deflationis, 12 Deglobalization, 126 Democracy, 12, 130, 148, 204 immune system, 205 and truth, 16–18 Democratic Party, 146 Descartes, 274 Dialectic understanding of truth, 12 Dialogic understanding of truth, 22–25 Dialogue and post-truth, 19–22 Digital apprenticeship bridge, 209 Digital badges, 207–208 Digital communication, 4, 158 Digital cultures, 157 Digital data, 4 Digital economy, blockchain as technology in, 234–237 Digital identity, 258 Digital learning, 206 Digital media. See also Social media, 4, 156 easiness of digital media production, 156 for online activism, 162 Digital platforms, 157–158 Digital politics, 158 Digital strategy, 156 Digital tools, 148 Digital trust technologies, 104–105 Digital video, 129 Disinformation, 57–58, 66, 77 Distributed design, 213 Distributed leadership in schools, 103 Distributed ledger technology (DLT), 104–105, 225–228, 259–260 Distributed technologies, 99 Distrust, 67–68 Diversity, 140, 148 Divine Comedy, The , 164–165 DNS, 263 Documentary photography, 192–193 Domain-specific knowledge, 87 Donald Trump, 3–4 original election motto, 153 Dutch Broadcasting Foundation, 152–153 Dysfunctional politics, 56 Dyson sphere, 280 Dystopia, 58 Economist, The , 117 Editors, 148 Editorships, 148 Education, 5, 47, 156 Education 1.0, 47 Education 2.0, 47 Education 3.0, 47 Education 4.0, 47–49 erosion of trust in, 7 implications for, 44–47 information politics of, 36 system, 40, 44 Educational institutions, 120 Educational leadership, 97 Educational supply, 42 Effect on self-perception, 186 Electric telegraph, 124 Embedding Improvement Science processes, 99 Emotional stability, 44 Empathy, 47 Empirical reasoning, 245 Employment, 41 Encryption, 213, 263–264 Encyclopedia, 137 Endorsement, 29–30 Epic of Gilgamesh , 164–165 Epistemic authority, 12 Epistemic democracy, 16–17 Epistemological crisis, 84–85 Epistemology, 12, 272 Ethereum, 227, 245, 259–260 blockchain systems, 249 Ethics, 189–190 European Blockchain Services Infrastructure initiative (EBSI initiative), 251 European Digital Services Act, 250 Everyday science, 275–276 Experience, 272 External drive, 211 Extraversion, 44 Face2Face, 185 Facebook, 4, 79–81, 120, 125, 141, 152–153, 234–235, 257–258 FaceSwap, 185 Fact-checking, 204–205, 214 Factor of production, 228 Facts, 56, 134 Faith, 129 Fake news, 34, 59–60, 62, 75, 77, 114–115, 146, 149, 204, 257 doing something about, 140–141 media, 116 overall function of MMGA trustmark, 151 quote of Daphne Caruana Galizia at protest memorial, 152 screening, selection and training process overview, 147 test results adoption indication MMGA trustmark, 150 Wikipedia and, 135–139 Fake videos, 180, 182 Fake visuals, 176, 185 False connection, 77 False contextualization, 148 Falsehood, 116, 119 Fatberg , 134–135 Federated authentication, 256 Finance higher education, 49 Finance schooling, 44–45 Financial Times , 34 Fluid modernity, 12 FOAF, 258–259 Foucault’s approach, 14 Four Resources Model, 86 Fourth Industrial Revolution. See Industry 4.0 Free, 136 Free plus data mining, 30–31 Freirean perspective of Post-truth society, 19–22 Fukoku Mutual Life Insurance, 42 Garden of Forking Paths (Borges), 250 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 250 Ghraib, Abu, 197–199 GitHub, 96–97, 104–105 Globalization, 46, 97–98 Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple (GAFA), 78 Google, 125, 133–134 Google PageRank algorithm, 235 services, 263 Governance, 251 mechanisms, 101 in OI, 97 Government regulation, 79 Graph, 235 “Great Firewall” police, 29–30 Great Hack, The , 6–7 Hack, 115 Harmonized learning outcomes, 41 Hashtag laundering, 66–67 HASTAC/MacArthur Foundation Badges, 208 Hermeneutic circle, 274–275 Hero’s Journey, 163 storytelling techniques of, 166 High-performing economies, 42–43 Higher social skills, 41 Historical truth, 191–192 Hoax, 115 Hope and post-truth, 19–22 HTTP, 263 Human Capital Project, 41 Human civilization, 129 Humanities, 274–275 Hunt, 278 IC’s campaign, 159, 167 and framework, 160–162 under storytelling lenses, 162–167 Ideas, 100–101 Illusion of truth effect, 82 Image manipulation software, 176 Images today, 199–200 Immutability, 213, 243–244 Individual agency, 31 Individualism, 231 Inductive reasoning, 245 Industry 4.0, 47–49 Inequality, steady growth of, 129 Inflation, 229–230 Influencers, 161 Infodemic, 46–47, 75 Information, 66, 148 control systems, 29–30 disorder, 77 gatekeepers, 3, 30 systems, 32–33 Information ecology, 57–60 in MENA, 60–64 Information literacy, 36, 205 movement, 31–32 Information politics, 29–30, 35–36 of education, 36 flood of information and tools, 34 on individual minds, 32 QAnon phenomenon, 33 spectrum, 33 Innovation, 96, 100–101 Innovative finance programs, 50 Institution, 123 Insurrection Act of 1807, 7 Intellectual humility, 32 Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 207 International Fact-Checking Network, 82–83 International Monetary Fund, 126 Internationalization, 217 Internet, 56–57, 61–62, 152–153, 255–256 companies, 5–6 penetration, 61 Internet Society (ISOC), 153 Interoperability, 251 Intersubjective perspective, 274 Intrinsic motivation, 211 Java, 104–105 Journalism, 113–114, 118, 123, 130, 158–159, 189 Journalist photographers, 177–178 Journalistic objectivity, 148 Journalists, 175 JSON-LD, 258–259, 266 Judgement, 13 Karl Marx, economic ideas of, 228–229 Knowledge, 247, 272, 278 informed, 3 OS relevance in knowledge societies, 100–102 Kony 2012 Campaign case study, 159–167 storytelling as agent of order, 158–159 Kudos, 208 Labor market, 41, 44–45 Labour, 228–229, 231, 237–238 party, 146–147 LDflex, 258–259, 266 Learning automation challenge, 42–44 challenge in Twenty-first Century, 40–42 Education 4.0, 47–49 future research, 49–50 implications for education systems, 44–47 poverty, 41 Learning management systems (LMSs), 209 Legacy media, 30–31 Legitimacy, 56 Liberal pragmatism, 24 Liberation, 24 Libertarian thinking, 31 Licensing, 29–30 Lifelong learning, 210–211 Light, 156–157 LightningTM user interface, 212–213 Linked Data, 258–259, 261–262 Lip-synching, 182 Literacy, 47 Loanbase, 227 Logic, 13, 58, 247 Machines, 43 Macroscale authorities, 29–30 Madonna Tempi, 195 Make Media Great Again (MMGA), 145–148 Malice, 137–138 Manipulated content, 77 Many-to-one orientation, 101–102 Mass communications, 214 Massacre of Innocents, 196–197 Math skill, 41 Meaning maker, 86 Media, 3–4, 175 companies, 205 credibility, 148 ecology, 56–58 ecosystem, 4 erosion of trust in, 7 literacy, 31–32, 67–68 organizations, 149 outlets, 204–205 strategy, 170 Memes, 217 Merkle hashing, 213 Merkle proof, 261 Metaphysics, 271–272 Microsoft, 120 Middle East, Posttruth in, 56–57 Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 56 Posttruth in Middle East, 56–57 truth, posttruth, and contemporary news and information ecology in MENA, 60–64 truth, posttruth, and current news and information ecology, 57–60 truth decay, distrust, and critical media literacy, 67–68 truth in transnational Arab journalism, 64–66 Misinformation, 34, 57–58, 66, 77, 145–146, 148 Mistrust of image truth, 179 Moderation, content, 75, 79–81 Modernist intellectuals, 18–19 Mythologization, 190–191 Narratives, 66 arc approach, 163 storytelling techniques of, 166 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 5–6 Negative space, 170 Network corruption, 152 Network effects of Internet, 152 Networked digital technologies, 29–30 NeuralTextures, 185 New factor of production, 234 New Holy Grail resolving, 158 New media, 113 New York Times , 118 News. See also Fake news, 123–124 as drama, 127–128 and information ecology, 57–60 media industry, 152–153, 209–210 Newspapers, 204–205 Newsrooms, 148 Nodes, 235 Noncognitive skills, 44, 47 NOS website, 146–147 Nostalgia vs. future, 231–233 Numeracy, 47 Objective reality, 13, 272 Objective truth, 140 Objectivity, 113–114, 134, 272 Odyssey, The , 164–165 One-to-many orientation, 101–102 Ontario scenario, 22–25 Ontological event of truth, 274–275 Ontologies, 258–259 Open Blockchain, 208 Open educational resources (OERs), 209 Open governance, 106 Open innovation (OI), 96 relevance in decentralized schooling marketplace, 97–100 transferability of, 97 Open knowledge, 142 Open source (OS), 96 relevance in knowledge societies, 100–102 transferability of, 97 Open University (OU), 208 Open-source software (OSS), 96–97 OpenLearn badges, 208 Openness, 47, 96–98 to experience, 44 Organizational leaders, 106 Pack, 278, 280–281 Palestinian digital rights, 60 PBS NewsHour , 128 Pedagogy of Freedom , 19–20 Peer-to-peer networks, 247 People, 123 Perception, 190 Personal broadcast systems, 4 Personal data, 255–256, 258 stores, 255–256 Personal experience, 272–273 Phenomenology, 156–157 Photo forensics, 176 Photographs, 190–192, 194 Photography, 190–191 Photojournalism, 193 PISA 2018, 46 Plausibility, 166 Podcasts, 4, 129 Pods, 262 Policy-making, 170–171 Political actors, 157–158 Political control, 57 Political language, 31 Political stability, 62 Politics and communication, 169 of information, 29–30 Poor journalism, 148 Post-Arab spring media ecology, 66 Post-Enlightenment, 129 Post-production, 177 Post-truth, 2–4, 57, 60, 75, 243–244 age, 134–135 era, 18–19 in MENA, 60–64 in Middle East, 56–57 moment, 12 phenomenon, 49–50 reality, 149 Wikipedia and, 139–140 Post-truth society, 18, 40, 264 democracy and truth, 16–18 dialogic understanding of truth, 22–25 hope, dialogue and post-truth, 19–22 post-truth era, 18–19 theories of truth, 12–15 truth and truthfulness, 15–16 Post-truth visuals data results, 184–186 manipulation strata, 177–179 survey, 179–184 Postnews journalism crisis, 124–125 future of news, 128–129 news as drama, 127–128 notifications not news, 128 turn inwards, 125–127 Potterism , 74 Practice, 123 Pragmatist, 12 Prediction, 236 Principles of Enlightenment, 129 Private blockchain network, 260 Pro-choice, 139 Pro-life, 139 Problem-solving skills, 45–46 Profession, 123 Professional journalism, 175 Professional learning communities (PLCs), 101–102 Professional training, 29–30 Programmable trust, 102–105 Proof of stake, 259–260 Proof-of-work algorithms, 246, 259–260 Protocol, 247–248 Provenator, 204 Public opinions, 167 Public relations (PR), 128 Publication and Free Access to Information Act (2009), 60 Publishing credit, 213 Punctum , 164 QAnon phenomenon, 33 Quadratic voting/funding, 104–105 QuadrigaCX, 227 Quality of education, 40 Quality of media, 148 Radical democracy, 20 Radio, 129 Radio Sawa , 62 RDF, 258–259 Re-thinking Objectivity, 113–114 Reality, 271–272 Reasoning, 275 Regimes of truth, 14 Regulation, 6–7, 79 Relational understanding of truth, 12 Relativity, 134 Reorientation, 106 Research as Inquiry, 32 Resilience, 265–266 Respect, 137–138 Responsibility in posttruth, 120 Return on investment (ROI), 226, 234 Robots, 43 Saving the Associate Arts Degree , 211–212 Science, 272 of subject, 274–275 Scientific methods, 276 Scottish National Party, 74 Self-sovereign data, 262 Self-sovereign identity (SSI), 255–256, 260, 262 Semi-complete censorship of twentieth century, 56 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944), 230 ShapeRepo, 266 Shifting truth, 139–140 Sight, 190 Situational truth, 139–140 Skill(s), 43, 45, 85–86 assessment, 216 monetary value, 216 ontologies, 216 skill-biased technological change, 42 students, 211–212 Smart contracts, 104–105, 245, 260 Social bubble effect, 257 Social constructivist, 12 Social Dilemma, The , 6–7 Social embedding, 86 Social inclusion, 61 Social liberal, 146–147 Social media. See also Digital media, 3, 61–62, 78, 156, 255–256 actions, 161 influencers, 114 platforms, 3 Social security funds, 257 Social skills, 41 Social sponsorship, 124 Social technologies, 277–278 Social world, 4 Societal reorientation new orientations and programmable trust, 102–105 OI relevance in decentralized schooling marketplace, 97–100 OS relevance in knowledge societies, 100–102 Society, 1, 204, 228 Society for Human Resource Management Labs (SHRM Labs), 209–210 Socioemotional skills, 44, 47 Soft power campaigns, 29–30 Solid project, 262 Source criticism, 275 Soylent Green , 34–35 Spanish-speaking countries, 141 Staccato messages, 124 State Department (SD), 157 Stimulated democratization, 61 #StopHateForProfit campaign, 80–81 Storyline, 159 Storytelling as agent of order, 158–159 Freytag’s five consequential parts in analysis of dramatic work, 163 IC’s campaign under storytelling lenses, 162–167 semiotic strategies, 165 Student Learning Passport, 208 Studium , 164 Subjective truth, 139–140 Subjectivity, 274 Supporting evidence, 275 Surety , 225 Surveillance capitalism, 3 Sustainability, 96–97 Syllabus, The , 6–7 Symbols, 65 Syrian Electronic Army (SEA), 65 Systems of resistance, 250 TalentoLab, 209–210 Tall Tale, 115 Tamperproof data, 243–244 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), 232 Teach relevant skills, 49 Tech, 234–236 transfer, 278 Technological change, 42–43 Technological revolution, 40 Technological singularity, 43 Technology, 3, 6–7, 204, 228, 235 on audience, 124 behemoths, 120 erosion of trust in, 7 Technology, media, and telecommunications (TMT), 209 Temporary fork, 246 Text critic, 86 Text user, 86 Textual dimension of journalism, 123–124 Theme, 166 Theories of truth, 12–15 Theory of figuration, 123 Theory of television, 123–124 Theory of truth, 12 ‘Theory’ movements, 86 Thesis, 275 ‘Think vs. Build’ approach, 7 Third Party Fact-Checking Programme, 81–82 Toronto District School Board (TDSB), 22–23 Traces of constructivist inclination, 14–15 Transnational Arab journalism, truth in, 64–66 Transnational Arab media, 62 Transparency, 257 True image, 271–272 Truism, 77 Trust, 167, 244, 259–260, 275–276 in blockchain as decentralised governance system, 250–251 over IP, 104–105 trust-fulness, 162 Truth, 4, 15–16, 56–57, 60, 134, 191–192, 243–244, 271–275 blockchain truth vs., 243–246 decay, 67–68 democracy and, 16–18 dialogic understanding of, 22–25 matters, 40 in MENA, 60–64 parallels with, 244 theories of, 12–15 in transnational Arab journalism, 64–66 Truth-prosthesis, 279 Truth-seeker, 20–21 Truthful news, 5–6 Truthfulness, 15–16 of single-base sentences, 191–192 Turn inwards, 125–127 Tutoring process, 210 TV series, 149 Tweaking, 177 Tweet-driven politics, 114 Twenty-first-century media ecologies, 56 Twitter, 4, 266–267 UNESCO, 41 Unfinishedness, 19–20 United 212 134 216 education, 230 106 content, 204 Personal Data 258–259, 263–264 credit, 213 Act , 156 14 137 261 175 of , 14 War, 194 journalism, 128 36 communication, 167, 190 images, 163 156 media, 156 politics, 158 156 , 195 truth, 192 169 of communication, 156 192 175 education programs, 44 258–259, 261 41 and Capital 228 , 118 photography, 189–190 , 118 The , 115–116 Web, 255–256, 263–264 257 services, 256 104–105 4, 234 137–138 140–141 Foundation, 140 104–105, 133–134 134–135 doing something fake news, 140–141 and fake news, 135–139 and post-truth, 139–140 of on Wikipedia 137 34, 46–47 127 Proof 261 227 to Media, Technology and Education in a Post-Truth Society Education for the Post-truth Society Post-truth Society: a of 3 and The New of Information Politics 4 The Learning in the Twenty-first The in MENA, and Critical Critical at the of the 7 Societal Programmable for New of Open in Education Media for the Post-truth Society to The Media as and in the Wikipedia of in the of Fake and Post-truth Public and an to Fake 12 The Kony 2012 of Storytelling for Social 13 Post-truth 14 on the and for to 3 for the Post-truth Society Karl and the Blockchain to The Truth, Post-truth, and the Blockchain Decentralised and the 20 Social and

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