Bibliographic record
Abstract
Part I Questions and Answers 1.What are the three broad categories of food biotechnology?Answer: Animal foods, plant foods, microbial foods.See Figure 1.1.2. What are some important achievements in (a) transgenic animals/animal cell cultures, (b) plants/plant cell cultures, and (c) microorganisms?Answer:(a) Transgenic animals: Cloned pet cats, ornamental fish, cloned horses and at least one rodeo bull.Two pharmaceutical products from the milk of GM animals.The first drug manufactured from the milk of a genetically modified goat was ATryn (brand name of the anticoagulant antithrombin) by GTC Biotherapeutics in 2006.It is produced from A goat that produces spider's web protein, stronger and more flexible than steel (BioSteel) was successfully produced by a Quebec-based Canadian company, Nixia.Faster-growing GM salmon developed by a Canadian company is also awaiting regulatory approval.The genetically modified pig (trade named "Enviropig") designed to reduce phosphorus pollution of water and farmers feed costs.Animal cell cultures include enzymes, synthetic hormones, immunobiologicals (monoclonal antibodies, interleukins, lymphokines) and anticancer agents.(b) Transgenic plants: pharmacologically active proteins, including mammalian antibodies, blood product substitutes, vaccines, hormones, cytokines, a variety of other therapeutic agents, and enzymes.Some of the metabolites produced by plant cell culture are flavors, natural sweeteners, industrial feedstocks, perfumes, and commercial insecticides.Another useful metabolite produced by plants includes shikokin, which is a chemical used as both a dye and a pharmaceutical.(c) Transgenic microorganisms: All the biopharmaceutical products are mostly manufactured commercially through various fermentation routes on using genetically engineered microorganisms such as E. coli, yeast, and fungi.Some commercial products are human insulin, streptokinase, erythropoietin, hepatitis B vaccine, human growth hormone, interleukin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF), α-interferon, and γ-interferon, and many recombinant enzymes.Fundamentals of Food Biotechnology, Second Edition.Byong H. Lee.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.097 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.012 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.348 | 0.174 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".