Cutaneous Manifestations of Eating Disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Objective: No complete review of the cutaneous manifestations of eating disorders exists. We therefore, set out to review and systematically describe the clinical and histopathologic features of dermatologic conditions associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and obesity. Differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, laboratory studies, and treatment are also reviewed. Methods: Index Medicus review (1966 to present) using Ovid-MEDLINE. Search terms included eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorders not otherwise specified (ED-NOS), and obesity, as well as the terms dermatology skin and cutaneous manifestations, with cross-referencing sources. These were combined with our own clinical experience. All relevant publications, including case reports, case series, cohort studies, and histopathologic studies giving at least Level II-3 evidence (evidence from comparisons between times or places with or without the intervention, including dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments), were selected. Conclusions: Forty dermatological signs have been reported in eating disorder patients. Eating disorders have many cutaneous manifestations and cutaneous signs may lead to the diagnosis of an occult eating disorder. The resolution of skin eruptions in eating disorder patients often depends on treatment of the underlying disorder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".