Moderated Poster Session 6: Basic Science, Education & Infertility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter at both spinal and supraspinal synapses and has been implicated in the control of micturition in animals.GABA-A agonists have been shown to inhibit reflex bladder activity and preganglionic neuron firing whereas antagonists facilitate bladder reflexes.Because pudendal nerve stimulation (PNS) also elicits inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in bladder parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the cat, we hypothesized that PNS might inhibit bladder overactivity by stimulating spinal GABAergic inhibitory neurons.We investigated the role of GABA-A receptors in pudendal inhibition of nociceptive and nonnociceptive reflex bladder activities in cats.Methods: Cystometrograms (CMGs) were performed on 33 cats under α-chloralose anesthesia using either 0.25% acetic acid (AA) or saline to stimulate nociceptive C-fibers or nonnociceptive Aδ-fibers, respectively.To inhibit bladder reflexes, PNS was applied at 5 Hz via a cuff electrode to the pudendal nerve at 2 and 4 times the threshold (T) intensity for inducing anal twitch.In the AA group, picrotoxin (a GABA-A antagonist) was administered in cumulative doses (0.01-0.3 mg/kg i.v) to determine the effect on pudendal inhibition (n=8).Alternatively in this group, 5 cats received only a single intrathecal (i.t.) dose of picrotoxin (0.4mg).This protocol was repeated in the saline group with picrotoxin administered either intravenously (n=15) or intrathecally (n=5).Results: AA irritation significantly (P<0.01)reduced bladder capacity to 34.3 ± 7.1% of saline control capacity, while PNS at 2T and 4T significantly (P<0.01)increased AA bladder capacity to 84.0 ± 7.8 and 93.2 ± 15% of the saline control, respectively.Intrathecal picrotoxin did not change AA bladder capacity but completely removed PNS inhibition of AA-induced bladder overactivity.Picrotoxin (i.v.)only increased AA bladder capacity at a high dose (0.3 mg/kg) but significantly (P<0.05)reduced 2T PNS inhibition at low doses (0.01-0.1 mg/kg).During saline cystometry, PNS significantly (P<0.01)increased bladder capacity to 147.0 ± 7.6% at 2T and 172.7 ± 8.9% at 4T of control capacity.Picrotoxin (0.4mg i.t. or 0.03-0.3mg/kgi.v.) significantly (P<0.05)increased bladder capacity, but did not alter PNS inhibition during saline infusion.Conclusions: These results indicate that spinal GABA-A receptors have different roles in controlling nociceptive and nonnociceptive reflex bladder activities and the PNS inhibition of these activities.Understanding the neurotransmitter mechanisms involved in neuromodulation may help identify targets for new overactive bladder therapies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.762 | 0.576 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".