Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates the Sufi concept of futuwwa (spiritual chivalry) in ʿAbdallāh al-Anṣārī al-Harawī's (d.481/1089) classic manual of spiritual wayfaring Manāzil al-Sāʾirīn ("Stations of the Wayfarers").After briefly taking stock of the earliest statements on futuwwa cited in al-Qushayrī's (d.465/1073) Risāla, we take a closer look at the Manāzil's commentarial tradition, offering a complete translation of both al-Anṣārī's chapter on the subject and ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Kāshānī's (d.731/1330) commentary.In al-Anṣārī's view, there are three aspects to futuwwa.The first aspect is in relation to oneself, the second is in relation to others, and the third is in relation to God.Futuwwa in relation to oneself is to accept trials and tribulations in stride.With respect to others, it is to hold oneself but not others accountable, seeing outward injuries as inward blessings.With respect to one's relation to God, it is to abandon means and ends, relying on God alone through the heart's reception, not the intellect's endeavor.The discussion section offers an ontological-ethical investigation through a close reading of the text and its commentary, then offers a broader perspective on futuwwa, which is tantamount to the noblest character traits (makārim al-akhlāq).In the final analysis, futuwwa symbolises the quality of the spiritual warrior who conquers his lower self to attain the makārim al-akhlāq.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.023 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.660 | 0.485 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".