Association analysis and in-vitro anti-fungal assay reveal a role for the Pinus monticola PR10 gene (PmPR10-3.1) in quantitative resistance to white pine blister rust
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins play important roles in plant defense response. However, functional investigation of PR10 genes is still limited and their physiological roles have not been conclusively characterized in biological processes of forest conifer trees. Results To elucidate the biological roles of PR proteins of class 10 (PR10) in tree resistance to pathogens, in the present study we identified multiple novel members in the complex PmPR10 family of western white pine (Pinus monticola Douglas ex D. Don). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PmPR10 genes were grouped into clusters and sub-clusters, showing a relatively high synteny between the same cluster/sub-cluster across different species of five-needle pines. RNA-seq-based global gene expression study demonstrated the PmPR10 genes were differentially expressed in response to infection by Cronartium ribicola, an exotic fungus causing white pine blister rust (WPBR) across North America. Among all family members, PmPR10-3.1 transcripts were significantly up-regulate at both early and late stages post rust infection. This gene was further revealed to have significant contribution to host quantitative resistance to WPBR by an association study. Moreover, PmPR10-3.1 recombinant protein exhibited inhibitory effects on spore hyphal growth of fungal pathogens C. ribicola, Phoma exigua and P. argillacea by in-vitro antifungal analysis. Conclusion Our results suggest that PmPR10-3.1 may function as an important component in conifer basal immunity for non-specific resistance to a wide spectrum of pathogens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".