Assessment Of Muscle Oxygen Saturation In Patients With Whiplash Associated Disorder (wad) During Isometric Exercise
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is a lack of, and thus a need for, physiological research data related to WAD. Previous studies have focused on, and failed to demonstrate structural, soft tissue or neurological damage as a reason for the prolonged recovery times experienced by some victims of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs)(Spitzer et al., 1995; Ronnin et al, 1996). PURPOSE To determine if quantitative differences exist between a WAD population (whiplash-injured muscle tissue) and a Control in total oxygen index (%), a measure of oxygen saturation (TOI) during exercise and contributes to the functional limitation of WAD patients. METHODS The TOI of 8 (5 female and 3 male) physiatrist-referred WAD patients (mean age 35.2 ± 8.2 yrs; mean BMI 28.4 ± 4.6) and 8 (5 female and 3 male) Control (CON) (mean age 35.1 ±9 yrs; mean BMI 27.9 ± 4.7) were measured on one occasion using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) at rest, during sustained isometric exercise to volitional fatigue, and recovery. NIRS probes were placed bilaterally on the muscle belly of the upper trapezius muscle (Traps). The WAD participants identified whether the right or left Traps was injured (WI). The average value for WI was compared to the CON group. During exercise testing, participants lay prone on a bench, arms hanging down touching the floor for a 2-min baseline reading, and then arms were lifted with elbows bent at 90° to keep the elbows in contact with a wooden bar for as long as possible. Following exhaustion, the arms were returned to the baseline position for a 4-min recovery (Rec). Exercise duration was normalized to 100% time to exhaustion (TTE) for comparison within and between groups at 10% intervals. T-tests were used to analyze the data (P <0.05). RESULTS TOI in WI (64.9 %) was significantly less than CON (71.8 %) at baseline (t = −2.15, P <0.05) and 10% TTE (WI = 64.6 %; CON = 71.2 %); (t = −2.55, P <0.05). No significant differences in TOI were found during recovery. CONCLUSIONS WAD participants appear to have a reduced tissue oxygenation at rest and during the first 10% of exercise compared to CON, suggesting that these patients may be under a condition of isometric contraction at the onset of exercise, or that there is a disruption of the concentration of normal hemoglobin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".