Bibliographic record
Abstract
A spontaneously diabetic rat with polyuria, polydipsia and mild obesity was discovered in 1984 in an outbred colony of Long-Evans rats, which had been purchased from Charles River Canada (St. Constant, Quebec, Canada) in 1982. A strain of rats developed from this colony by selective breeding has since been maintained at the Tokushima Research Institute Otsuka Pharmaceutical (Tokushima, Japan), and is now referred to as the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat. The characteristic features of OLETF rats include: 1) late onset hyperglycemia (after 18 weeks of age), 2) a chronic disease state, 3) Increased urinary protein excretion at about 30 weeks of age. 4) higher glomerular filtration rate (GFR) compared with that of LETO rat, a strain derived from the same colony of Long-Evans rats that does not exhibit the diabetic syndrome; 4) Increased kidney weight and glomerular hypertrophy; 5) Decreased number of polyethyleneimine (PEI) in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in OLETF rats compared with LETO rats. Foot processes are irregularly arranged and retraction. Furthermore, the GBM showed marked thickening and rupture. 6) histological change of the kidney was focal mesangial lesion with proliferation of mesangial cells at 23 weeks of age. Glomerular damage progresses chronically and exudative lesions appear at 29 weeks of age. Most of glomeruli become obsolescent with severe atrophy of tubules after 90 weeks of age, resembling the advanced stage of human diabetic nephropathy. The glomerular lesions found in OLETF rats are similar to human diabetic nephropathy, and are characterized by fibrin cap, capsular drop and aneurysmal dilatations of intraglomerular vessels. Thus, the clinical and pathological features of the disease state in OLETF rats resemble those of human renal complications in type 2 diabetes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".