Characterization of subterranean bacteria in the Hungarian Upper Permian Siltstone (Aleurolite) Formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The main purpose of this work was to study the microbiology of the Hungarian Upper Permian Siltstone (Aleurolite) Formation, to assess the safety of future underground repositories for nuclear waste. Sixty-seven air, groundwater, technical water, rock, and surface samples were collected aseptically from different depths. The number of aerobic and anaerobic isolates was 277. The mesophilic minimum and maximum CFU counts of the air samples were 1.07-5.84 × 10 2 ·mL -1 (aerobic) and 0.22-1.04 × 10 2 ·mL -1 (anaerobic), respectively; those of the water samples were 0.39-1.25 × 10 5 ·mL -1 (aerobic) and 0.36-3.9 × 10 3 ·mL -1 (anaerobic); those of the technical water samples were 0.27-5.03 × 10 6 ·mL -1 (aerobic) and 4 × 10 5 - >10 6 ·mL -1 (anaerobic); and those of the aleurolite samples were 2.32 × 10 2 - 2.47 × 10 5 ·g -1 (aerobic) and 0.45-9.5 × 10 2 ·g -1 (anaerobic). In the groundwater, the thermophilic aerobic bacteria count was 0-2.4 × 10 2 ·mL -1 and the thermophilic anaerobic bacteria count was 0.43-4.6 × 10 4 ·mL -1 . The gases produced by the 16 gas-forming isolates were CO 2 (aerobic isolates), and CO 2 and H 2 (anaerobic isolates). About 20% of the aerobic isolates produced siderophores. The proportions of organic acid producers were lowest in aerobic and anaerobic isolates from the aleurolite, 13% and 14%, respectively. The highest proportions of acid producers in the aerobic and anaerobic isolates from the air samples were 63% and 54%. Altogether 160 of the aerobic isolates and 52 of the anaerobic isolates were spore formers. The radiosensitivity of the aerobic isolates was also determined; the D 10 values of the sporeformers ranged between 0.8-2.44 kGy. Our results indicate that the sulfate-reducing bacteria and the production of complexing agents (siderophores) may contribute to the mobilization of radionuclides from underground repositories. As well, microbial gas production can influence the environmental conditions. The variability in bacterial radiotolerance indicates the biodiversity at this potential disposal site. These facts must be considered during the planning of a nuclear waste repository.Key words: nuclear waste disposal, microbial gas production, siltstone formation, siderophore production, radiosensitivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".