0.5 wt% Ru/γ-Al 2 O 3 is a highly active and stable catalyst for direct conversion of biogas into renewable natural gas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Landfill gas is a source of CH 4 emission, also rich in CO 2 (up to 50 vol%). It can be upgraded to renewable natural gas (RNG) by separating CO 2 and impurities. Alternatively, the CO 2 contained in biogas can be converted into CH 4 via the Sabatier reaction, using H 2 generated by water electrolysis. For industrial applications, it is beneficial to eliminate the energy intensive CO 2 separation step, converting biogas to RNG directly. In this work, a series of 0.02-1 wt% Ru/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and evaluated for a single-pass conversion of CO 2 -CH 4 mixtures. Through the catalytic performance evaluation and characterization studies, the optimal Ru loading was identified as 0.1-0.5 wt%. For these catalysts, CO2 conversion of 80-87% was achieved at 450 °C and 90,000 mL/(g h), maintaining 95-99% selectivity to CH 4 production. These catalysts also showed excellent stability over 100 h on stream, while maintaining 99-100% CH 4 selectivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".