0.5 wt% Ru/γ-Al 2 O 3 is a highly active and stable catalyst for direct conversion of biogas into renewable natural gas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Landfill gas is a source of CH 4 emission, also rich in CO 2 (up to 50 vol%). It can be upgraded to renewable natural gas (RNG) by separating CO 2 and impurities. Alternatively, the CO 2 contained in biogas can be converted into CH 4 via the Sabatier reaction, using H 2 generated by water electrolysis. For industrial applications, it is beneficial to eliminate the energy intensive CO 2 separation step, converting biogas to RNG directly. In this work, a series of 0.02-1 wt% Ru/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and evaluated for a single-pass conversion of CO 2 -CH 4 mixtures. Through the catalytic performance evaluation and characterization studies, the optimal Ru loading was identified as 0.1-0.5 wt%. For these catalysts, CO2 conversion of 80-87% was achieved at 450 °C and 90,000 mL/(g h), maintaining 95-99% selectivity to CH 4 production. These catalysts also showed excellent stability over 100 h on stream, while maintaining 99-100% CH 4 selectivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".