An overview of the Ontario Geological Survey's groundwater initiative
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Ontario Geological Survey (OGS) initiated mapping activities in support of regional hydrogeological characterization in 2001. Concurrent activities included the generation of updated fully-attributed, bedrock geology, karst, physiography, surficial geology, drift thickness and bedrock topography seamless maps. These pan-southern Ontario maps and products serve as a foundation for hydrogeological investigations, and in particular, they have formed an integral part of the watershed characterization portion of the source protection plans. Following the release of these pan-southern Ontario products, the OGS shifted focus to characterizing the subsurface through the development and implementation of three sub-surface mapping activities; 3D Paleozoic bedrock mapping, 3D surficial sediment mapping and ambient groundwater geochemistry mapping. Each of these activities is described below. 1) The primary goal of the 3D Paleozoic bedrock mapping is to delineate the stratigraphic units that host important groundwater resources in southern Ontario. This is done by identifying the main geologic controls on groundwater flow and mapping and delineating regional-scale groundwater flow systems within the context of a sequence stratigraphic framework. The first study area concentrated on the Niagara Escarpment because this region is undergoing significant population pressures and relies heavily on deep bedrock groundwater resources. The next regional-scale 3D Paleozoic bedrock mapping project will focus on Upper Silurian through Middle Devonian carbonate-dominated units located to the southwest. 2) The goals of 3D sediment mapping projects are to reconstruct the Quaternary history of each area, build a regional-scale 3D model of Quaternary deposits that form aquifers and aquitards, and to define the internal characteristics of each sediment package. The initial focus was on areas either within or adjacent to the Greater Golden Horseshoe and to date, projects have been completed in the Waterloo (GRS03), Barrie-Oro (GRS11), Brantford-Woodstock (GRS10) and Orangeville-Fergus (GRS15) areas, South Simcoe is nearing completion and projects in the Niagara and Central Simcoe areas are well underway. The 3D sediment mapping program has taken a basin analysis approach similar to that used by the GSC in the Oak Ridges Moraine. Ground and airborne geophysical surveys coupled with continuous-coring have enabled the development of conceptual geologic models, critical for the successful construction of 3D geologic models. 3) The ambient groundwater geochemistry project which was initiated in 2011 and resulted in the collection of untreated bedrock- and overburden-derived groundwaters at approximately 1850 stations across all of southern Ontario. The main purpose of the study is to understand and predict the effect that aquifer composition has on groundwater quality as well as to understand the flow history, residence time and vulnerability of individual and regional groundwater sources. The sampling density is approximately 1 station per 10 square kilometers. Digital datasets and maps were released for all of southern Ontario in 2015 (MRD283-REV). Moving beyond southern Ontario, a similar study was initiated in the Sudbury region in 2016, with plans to conduct mapping activities on Manitoulin Island in 2017.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.021 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".