Formation and Characteristics of Carbonaceous Deposits from Heavy Hydrocarbon Coking Vapors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deposition of carbonaceous material in the cyclone exit line is a chronic problem for fluid cokers and is a key process limitation to achieving longer run length. Extensive characterization studies were conducted for laboratory deposits from a bench-scale bitumen coker using modern analytical techniques, e.g., elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, diffusive reflection infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance. Simulated distillation was also applied to solvent extracts of deposits. Results substantiate that on the laboratory scale physical condensation rather than chemical reaction was the primary reason for fluid coker cyclone exit line fouling. Entrained liquid droplets also contribute to the deposit formation. Although there are both polyaromatic and aliphatic structures in fresh laboratory deposits, the former dominate. High-temperature operation led to deposits an increased polyaromatic content. Industrial deposits are more cokelike than laboratory deposits, and they differ in morphology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".