Clinical and microbiological characteristics of Cryptococcus gattii isolated from China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background: Infection, even outbreak, caused by Cryptococcus gattii (C. gattii ) has been reported in Canada and the United States, but there were sparsely-reported cases of C. gattii in China. Our interest in occurrence, clinical manifestation, laboratory identification and molecular characterization of Chinese C. gattii strains leads us to this research. Methods: A total of 254 clinical isolates primarily identified as Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans ) were collected. VITEK 2 compact, canavanine glycine bromothymol blue (CGB) agar and Bruker Biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) were used for strain identification. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was performed for genotyping. Antifungal susceptibility test was carried out with commercial kits of both ATB fungus 3 and Yeast one. Clinical information of patients was reviewed retrospectively. Label-free proteome technique was used to quantitatively analyze the differential proteins of C. gattii. Results: Out of 254 clinical isolates, we identified eight strains as C. gattii. MLST showed genotype VGI accounted for the most (6 / 8), the other two strains were genotype VGII（VGIIa and VGIIb respectively）with 3 specific spectra of molecular weight about 4342, 8686, 9611 Dalton by MALDI-TOF MS. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Fluconazole with Yeast one was 2～4 times higher than that with ATB fungus 3. Higher MICs of antifungal agents were exhibited against VGII strains than against VGI strains. C. gattii genotype VGII and VGI possessed 418 and 774 specific proteins respectively. Comparative proteome analysis showed that 180 proteins were highly expressed in C. gattii VGII and 329 proteins were highly expressed in C. gattii VGI. The enrichment of differentially expressed proteins between VGII and VGI was directed to Golgi complex.Conclusions: Infection by C. gattii in China might have been underestimated because of initial mis-identification. Genotype VGI was predominant but VGII was more resistant to antifungal agents. There was significant difference in protein expression profile between VGII and VGI C. gattii.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".