Response process validity evidence in chemistry education research
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Response process validity evidence can provide researchers with insight into how and why participants interpret items on instruments (e.g., tests, questionnaires). In the chemistry education research literature and in the social sciences more broadly, there has been variable use and reporting of response process aspects of studies. This manuscript’s objective is to support researchers in developing purposeful, theory-driven protocols to investigate response processes. We highlight key considerations for researchers who are interested in using cognitive interviews in their research, including: the theoretical basis for response process, collecting response process validity evidence through cognitive interviews, and using that evidence to inform instrument modifications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.717 | 0.910 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.011 | 0.013 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.023 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.017 | 0.019 |
| Open science | 0.007 | 0.013 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".