Statin Use Results In Increased Bone Mineral Density In Osteopenic, Postmenopausal Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For years, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease were thought to be two independent consequences of aging; however, mounting evidence supports an association between these diseases. Recently, a widespread class of cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins have demonstrated (in rodents and cell cultures) the ability to induce bone formation. Although it has been proposed that statins induce new bone via increased bone morphogenetic protein-2, other conditions affected by statins, such as endothelial dysfunction and impaired nitric oxide expression, may also contribute to the cardiovascular and bone health paradigm. Purpose To determine if postmenopausal statin use influences bone mineral density (BMD) in osteopenic females while controlling for variables known to influence bone and endothelial health. Methods Eight sedentary, postmenopausal women, 70–85 yrs, with BMD t-scores ≤ 1 were compared to a control group of eight sedentary, non-statin users matched for age, gender, height, weight, history of heart disease, diabetes, and use of bisphospohonates and/or ace inhibition. All women underwent a DXA scan to determine hip BMD. Results This investigation revealed a significantly greater (27%) hip BMD among the statin vs. non-statin users (BMD = 0.776±0.074 g/cm2 versus 0.598±0.109 g/cm2), respectively. Conclusion We do not find the results of our data surprising since the type of bone in the hip is highly vascular and predominantly cancellous bone. Furthermore, our data supports our hypothesis of an association between endothelial and bone health. It is possible that any improvements to the peripheral circulation may also result in an improved blood supply to the hip, leading to a preservation or improvement of BMD. However, this cross-sectional study is limited and as such, further prospective investigation is warranted to clarify and further support such an association, including the influence of physical activity when combined with statin use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".