Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous article FreeRetractionBenjamin Gilbert and Arthur E. WeisBenjamin GilbertDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3B2, Canada Search for more articles by this author and Arthur E. WeisDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S3B2, Canada Search for more articles by this author Original articleIndirect Interactions Shape Selection in a Multispecies Food WebPDFPDF PLUSFull TextSupplemental Material Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreThe article “Indirect Interactions Shape Selection in a Multispecies Food Web,” published in the March 2019 issue (pp. 321–330) of The American Naturalist, is retracted by request of the authors of this statement. This article concerned the impact of a defoliating insect on the size and population density of a goldenrod stem gall and the subsequent influence of mature gall size on attack rates by the parasitoid wasps and predatory birds on the gall-making insect. The authors found several errors in their analyses and have provided a full reanalysis in an R code file.The main error occurred because observations that should have been excluded were accidentally retained, which biased the statistics on selection for gall size. Specifically, some gall-maker larvae die early in development, which not only halts gall growth but also removes those larvae from the pool of hosts/prey. Including such observations in the analysis distorts the relationship of natural enemy attack to mature gall size and the resulting influence of natural enemies on the selection of gall size. The authors’ previous studies of this relationship excluded such observations. Correcting this error in the current study yielded different selection gradients, such that linear selection no longer varied among treatments (interaction P>.1) but nonlinear selection did vary (interaction P<.05). Both of these changes to the statistical results altered inferences about the effects of indirect interactions on selection intensity.There were also two errors in the calculation of how treatment effects influence gall makers. When the density of galls was reanalyzed with a more appropriate error distribution, the difference among treatments changed to marginally significant (P=.086). Similarly, mortality by Eurytoma was erroneously reported as P<.001, and reanalysis showed it to be only marginally significant (P=.098).The extent of the altered results means that much of the discussion section in Start et al. is not valid. The authors of this statement are requesting a retraction of this article but plan to resubmit a thoroughly rewritten article that correctly reports and interprets the revised results. Previous article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 198, Number 4October 2021 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/715870 Views: 2663 HistorySubmitted June 04, 2021Published online August 12, 2021 © 2021 The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.Related articlesIndirect Interactions Shape Selection in a Multispecies Food Web17 Jan 2019The American Naturalist
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".