The Underachievement of Portuguese-Canadian Youth: An Ongoing Phenomenon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For nearly 4 generations, the youth of the Portuguese-Canadian community have been underachieving academically and dropping out of school earlier and in greater numbers, than most other youth. As a result, the Portuguese in Canada have had disproportionately low levels of frequency in post-secondary education, which are often comparable to those of Canada’s Aboriginals. The author discusses some of the reasons for the perpetuation of this phenomenon: The ignoring of the underachievement of Luso-Canadians by anti-racism education scholars; the dismissal of existing research data and unwillingness to acknowledge the effects of systemic barriers, by the community’s own political and business leadership; the belief amongst many that Portuguese-Canadian parents are at fault for the perpetuation of underachievement; the positioning of the Portuguese-Canadian community as a working-class, little-educated group; as well as a lack of programs that are specifically targeted to Portuguese-Canadian youth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".