Abstracts of Technical Papers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Climate is highly variable and is continually changing over a spectrum of both time and space.Climate change is not a new phenomenon but one that has occurred throughout history.The driving forces behind the recent changes have both natural and human origins.However, the significance of anthropogenic contributions to climate change continues to stimulate much debate.We provide compelling evidence supporting the conjecture that human activities, especially over the past 50 years, have contributed significantly to driving the current round of global climate change.Prior to the 20th century, practically all of the climate change was driven by natural causes, such as volcanic emissions, fluctuations in solar activity, changes in the Earth's orbital path and rotational axis.During the last half of the 20th century, atmospheric emissions resulting from human activities are significantly changing the composition of the atmosphere and are disrupting the balance between incoming and outgoing radiant energy producing significant climate change.Unless society adopts practices to actively reduce atmospheric emissions, human-induced climate change will likely continue beyond the 21st century.Using climate models we can only speculate on what those changes will be and what impact they will have on our future activities.Even if atmospheric emissions are abruptly stopped in the very near future, human induced climate change will continue well into the 21st century.The impacts of climate change have the potential to be vast and farreaching requiring actions on our part to adapt to as well as to mitigate future change.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.628 | 0.625 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".