Laboratory investigation of dense non-aqueous phase liquid migration and remediation in mixed wettability soils monitored by pressure transducers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) spills was conducted in a twodimensional sand box filled with a variety of media.At the conclusion of the spill, the soil underwent remediation via a waterflood followed by a surfactant flush.Pressure data recorded during the experiments confirmed that DNAPL will be drawn into NAPL-wet lenses and result in negative capillary pressures.The waterflood had little impact on the NAPL distribution.The surfactant flush did reduce the DNAPL-water interfacial tension allowing some of the DNAPL to drain from the NAPL-wet lenses; however a NAPL-saturated layer remained at the bottom of the lenses.It was hypothesized that thickness of the NAPL-saturated layer that remained reflects the capillary pressure difference between the reduced NAPL-entry pressure of the hydrophilic soil below the lens and the reduced water-entry pressure that would allow the DNAPL to drain and water to enter the hydrophobic sand.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".