The use of QBO, ENSO and NAO perturbations in the evaluation of GOME-2/MetopA total ozone measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. In this work we present evidence that quasi cyclical perturbations in total ozone (Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO), El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)) can be used as independent proxies in validating Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 aboard MetopA (GOME-2A) satellite total ozone data, using ground-based measurements, other satellite data and chemical transport model calculations. The analysis is performed in the frame of the validation strategy on longer time scales within the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), Satellite Application Facility on Atmospheric Composition Monitoring (AC SAF) project, and covers the period 2007–2016. In general, we find that GOME-2A total ozone data depict the QBO/ENSO/NAO natural fluctuations in concurrence with co-located Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometer (SBUV), GOME-type Total Ozone Essential Climate Variable (GTO-ECV) and ground-based (GB) observations. Total ozone from GOME-2A is well correlated with the QBO (highest correlation in the tropics of +0.8) in agreement with SBUV, GTO-ECV and GB data which also give the highest correlation in the tropics. The differences between deseazonalised GOME-2A and GB total ozone in the tropics are within ±1 %. These differences were tested further as to their correlations with the QBO. The differences had practically no QBO signal, providing an independent test of the stability of the long-term variability of the satellite data. Correlations between GOME-2A total ozone and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) were studied over the tropical Pacific Ocean after removing seasonal and QBO related variability. Correlations between ozone and SOI are the order of +0.6, in consistency with SBUV and GB observations. Differences between GOME-2A and GB measurements at the station of Samoa (American Samoa; 14.25° S, 170.6° W) are within ±1.5 %. We also studied the impact of NAO on total ozone in the northern mid-latitudes in winter. We find very good agreement between GOME-2A and GB observations over Canada and Europe as to their NAO-related variability, with mean differences reaching the ±1 % levels. The agreement and small differences which were found between the independently produced total ozone data sets as to the influence of QBO, ENSO and NAO show the importance of these climatological proxies as additional tool for monitoring the long-term stability of satellite-ground truth biases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".