MITIGATION OF TOXIC Alexandrium tamiyavanichii USING CHITOSAN-SILICA COMPOSITE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The harmful algal bloom (HABs) phenomena affects human health, ecosystems, fishing, and tourism industries.In a single occasion, the loss due to HABs can reach thousands of Ringgit Malaysia.In this study, a chitosan-silica composite (RHA-CHi) was synthesized via sol-gel technique for the mitigation of Alexandrium tamiyavanichii, a toxic HAB species isolated from Malaysian waters.Rice husk ash silica was used as the silica precursor in the composite synthesis.The FT-IR spectroscopy suggests that the chitosan was covalently bonded with the surface silanol groups.Light microscope analysis showed that the algal cells were stuck on the surface of the composite and underwent lysis.The incorporation of chitosan decreased the surface negative charge of the silica, hence, increasing the electrostatic attraction between the cells and RHA-Chi.The removal efficiency of A. tamiyavanichii was 75% using 0.1 mg/mL of RHA-Chi in 2 hours, increasing to 85% after 24 hours.Reduced removal efficiency (16%) was observed using silica alone.The findings show that the chitosan-silica composite has high potential to be used in the mitigation of A. tamiyavanichii.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".