Sudden appearance of cysts and ellobiopsid parasites on zooplankton in a Michigan lake: a potential explanation of tumor-like anomalies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cysts on calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, previously reported as tumor-like anomalies (TLAs) in Lake Michigan and Europe, appeared briefly in Patterson Lake, a small Michigan inland lake. Cysts were rare (4% maximum) in samples collected on September 11, 1999, but appeared with high frequency on calanoid adults (49%) and cyclopoid nauplii (73%) in samples collected on October 16. By October 30, cysts were again rare (0.4% maximum). Cysts most commonly appeared on the lateral surface of the animal at the articulation of the 1st and 2nd prosomal segments and often consisted of herniated copepod tissues. Transparent, pyriform cysts co-occurred in low frequency with other types of cysts and are believed to be the trophomeres and gonomeres of ellobiopsid parasites. Histologic manifestations of cysts were diverse; herniations consisted of acellular yolk-like material and apparent host tissue, while cysts thought to be Ellobiopsis contained cells with different degrees of nuclear staining and unusual spherical bodies. Hernias were experimentally induced on live calanoid copepods by piercing the carapace with a fine needle, suggesting that ellobiopsid parasites may cause the hernias by puncturing the carapace of their hosts. Ellobiopsid parasites are common on marine crustacean zooplankton but have been recorded only once before in freshwater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".