Shallow Seismic Reflection Methods for the Delineation and Hydrogeological Characterization of Buried Eskers in Eastern Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The surficial deposits of Eastern Ontario include a series of buried and/or confined glacial features, such as esker and fan deposits, which are currently the primary municipal drinking water source for a number of towns and villages. The Geological Survey of Canada is conducting a field program using shallow seismic reflection profiling to delineate the three-dimensional structure of the buried eskers and the surrounding basin stratigraphy. In the first year of the program, ∼20 line-km of P- wave (using planted geophones and in-hole shotgun source) and SH-wave (using a landstreamer and minivib source) seismic profiles have been collected. Both methods yielded excellent high-resolution data that successfully located and mapped the subsurface architecture (structure and lateral extent) of the esker deposits. The SH-wave landstreamer-minivib system yielded higher-resolution data at shallow depths, and data could acquired at 2–3 times the rate of the P&-wave system. The P-wave system provided better definition of the bedrock surface, as SH-waves do not seem to penetrate through overlying coarse-grained units. Shallow seismic reflection methods have proved to be an effective and efficient means of acquiring information on the location, three-dimensional extent and internal structure of the esker deposits. Such information is critical to developing accurate hydrogeological models to assess the sustainability and vulnerability of this groundwater resource.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".