Use of Equilibrium and Initial Metal Concentrations in Determining Freundlich Isotherms for Soils and Sediments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Batch equilibrium tests were conducted to examine Pb and Cd retention by kaolinite, humic acid and mackinawite and mixtures of these soil/sediment materials. All the batch test results were modeled using Freundlich isotherms where the retained metal was plotted both as a function of the equilibrium metal concentration, Ce and as a function of the initial metal concentration, Ci. When the initial metal concentration rather than the equilibrium metal concentration is used, smaller values of Kf and larger values of I/n are obtained and there is no significant difference in goodness of fit for the two types of isotherms based on the coefficient of determination, r2 and a normalized deviation, Δq. A dimensionless form of a new unified sorption variable Ku, representing the changing slope of the isotherm, is evaluated for all of the isotherms. Since the isotherms for metal uptake as a function of Ci had a steeper and closer to linear slope, the variation in the value of Ku for these isotherms was not as great as for the isotherms for metal uptake as a function of Ce.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".