Bibliographic record
Abstract
CIGARETTE SMOKING AND INVASIVE PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE J. Nuorti et al. N Engl J Med 2000;342:681–9. The Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a population-based, case-control study to assess the importance of cigarette smoking and other factors as risk factors for pneumococcal infections. Cases of invasive pneumococcal disease were identified prospectively among residents of metropolitan Atlanta, Baltimore and Toronto through ongoing laboratory-based surveillance between January, 1995 and May, 1996. Study patients were immunocompetent, were 18 to 64 years of age and had community-acquired infection. Control subjects were selected from the general population in each surveillance area by random-digit telephone dialing. Of 228 patients 130 (58%) were identified as current smokers, compared with 72 (24%) of 301 control subjects (odds ratio, 5.4; 95% confidence interval, 3.4 to 8.5). In addition to current smoking (P < 0.001) other independent risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease included passive exposure to smoke (P = 0.01), a lower level of education [less than high school (P = 0.007) and high school graduate (P = 0.006)] and living with children <6 years old in day care (P = 0.003). Among current smokers the risk of pneumococcal disease increased linearly with increases in the number of cigarettes smoked (P < 0.001). The risk decreased by 14% per year after subjects quit smoking, returning to the level of those who had never smoked after ˜13 years. Comment: Previous studies have implicated passive smoking as a risk factor for meningococcal disease, and higher rates of nasopharyngeal colonization with meningococcus have been observed among active and passive smokers than among nonsmokers. Mechanisms by which exposure to tobacco smoke increases the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease remain to be determined. However, it is known that cigarette smoke impairs mucociliary clearance, enhances bacterial adherence and disrupts respiratory epithelium. Smokers may also be more susceptible than nonsmokers to viral respiratory tract infections, e.g. influenza. Programs to reduce both smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke have the potential to reduce the incidence of pneumococcal disease. Only 28% of study patients had a condition for which pneumococcal vaccine is recommended, making expansion of pneumococcal vaccine indications to include current and former smokers worthy of consideration. The relative risk of invasive pneumococcal disease for young children exposed to cigarette smoke at home also merits study.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.856 | 0.757 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".