Effect of uncontrolled type-2 diabetes mellitus on the periodontal status of Saudi Arabian adults: A case-control study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background The relationship between uncontrolled type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and periodontitis have been investigated among people from different nations. But, the current report is first from Saudi Arabia that utilized the gold standard measures to study the effect of uncontrolled T2DM on the periodontal status of ethnically similar Arab adults. Methods A case-control study was conducted, wherein cases were adults with clinically diagnosed periodontitis (clinical-attachment-loss ≥ 1 mm). Concurrent controls were recruited from the same dental facility; matched with age, sex, and location. Uncontrolled T2DM was recorded using HbA1c readings; and other health conditions including hypertension, epilepsy, bronchitis, thyroid disorders, and arthritis were retrieved from the participant’s medical records. Data on tobacco consumption and related products (smoking, khat/qat, sheesha, shammah) was gathered using a self-perceived questionnaire. Frequencies, percentages, p-values, crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were computed. Results Overall sample comprised of 166 cases and 332 controls with a mean age of 37.5 years. Multivariate analysis indicated uncontrolled T2DM as an important predictor for periodontitis among Saudi Arabian adults, and they had nearly three times greater odds (OR: 2.779; 95% CI: 1.425–5.419; p = 0.003) of being diagnosed with periodontitis in contrast to non-diabetics. Secondary findings revealed that cigarette ever-users were 2 times more likely to be suffering from periodontitis than never-users, and those brushing once per day or less had 5 times greater odds of developing periodontitis as compared to those brushing twice daily. Conclusion To conclude, the current case-control study is the first from Saudi Arabia to indicate that increased HbA1c level significantly effects periodontal status of Arab adults. An awareness of this association among health care providers and patients will contribute towards prevention of periodontitis in Saudi Arabia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".