The effect of estrogen and dihydrotestosterone on hyperosmolarity‐induced expression and production of IL‐1<i>β</i>, TNF‐<i>α</i> and IL‐8 through MAPK pathway in human corneal epithelial cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: To assess differences in visual function, structural measurements and electrophysiological tests between three groups: healthy controls, patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) without previous optic neuritis (ON), and patients with MS and a previous ON episode. Methods: 18 eyes from 18 controls, 17 eyes from 17 patients with MS without ON, and 22 eyes from 22 patients with MS and previous ON were included in the study and underwent visual function tests, including measure of visual acuity (VA) with ETDRS chart at 100, 2.5 and 1.25% saturation and contrast sensitivity (CS) with the Pelli Robson and CSV1000E tests; structural analysis of the retina with Spectralis Optical coherence tomography (OCT) (macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer [RNFL] thickness, papillomacular bundle thickness, and the nasal/temporal index) and electrophysiological tests (pattern and multifocal electroretinograms [pERG and mfERG], and multifocal visual evoked potentials [mfVEP]). Results: Worse results were observed in the VA and in CS measured with the Pelli Robson test (p < 0.05), in patients with previous ON compared to non-ON patients, and in the latter compared to controls. This same trend was also observed in the measurements obtained with OCT; in the amplitude of the N95 wave (p = 0.020) obtained with pERG; in the sum of the latency of the N1 wave (p = 0.019), the amplitude of the ring 2 of N1 wave (p = 0.030) of the mfERG, and in the latency time in ring 5 of P1 (p = 0.034) of mfVEP. Conclusions: Patients with MS and previous ON present decreased VA and CS compared to non-ON patients, and both groups present lower levels compared to control group. Central macular and RNFL thickness are also decreased in almost all quadrants of the optic nerve in ON patients. Additionally, ON patients present alterations in electrophysiological tests compared to the non-ON group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".