Suspended sediment flux downstream of the retreating Castle Creek Glacier, Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glaciers are a major erosive force that increase sediment load to the downstream fluvial system.The Castle Creek Glacier, British Columbia has retreated ~1.0 km in the past 70 years.The dynamics o f suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and streamflow (Q) were monitored independently at six sites within its proglacial zone over a 60 day period from July to September, 2011.The time-series were divided into hydrologic days and the SSC response to hydro-meteorological conditions was categorized using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA).Suspended sediment load (SSL) was computed and summarized for the categories.During the 2011 study period, c. 60% of the total SSL was derived from the glacial stream and sediment deposits proximal to the terminus o f the glacier; during 'storm' events, that contribution drops to 40% as contribution from diffuse and point sources o f sediment within the meltwater channel and proglacial zone increase.While 'storm' events accounted for just 3% o f the field season, SSL was 500% higher than the seasonal average, and c. 20% of the total SSL was generated in that time.I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the people and organizations that have supported me through this process.My supervisor, Dr. Philip Owens, has provided me with guidance, support, and encouragement as well as the insight, freedom and flexibility needed to develop, steer and complete this project.Dr. Tim Stott from Liverpool John Moores
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".