Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Like many OECD signatory countries, Canada has a checkered and inconsistent history of enforcement in relation to bribery and corruption offenses. In the past five years, however, Canada has taken deliberate and effective steps to strengthen its enforcement regime and was recently noted as one of the “most improved” nations in anti-bribery prosecutions by the OECD. In addition to a marked increase in prosecutions, these changes include the elimination of facilitation payments as a valid defense in 2017 and amendments to the governing legislation that allows Canadian authorities to prosecute nationals for crimes committed entirely abroad. The governing legislation in Canada relating to the bribing of foreign public officials is exclusively criminal in nature and has no statute of limitations. Both bribery and bookkeeping offenses are captured under the legislation. The combination of the lack of any time-based defenses, as well as the enhanced arsenal of the liberalization of the law of jurisdiction and the increased ambit of substantive offenses, point to a more robust enforcement regime for bribery and corruption offenses in Canada going forward.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.069 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".