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Record W4241537521 · doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_193.pub3

Lead

2014· reference-entry· en· W4241537521 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueUllmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry · 2014
Typereference-entry
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicExtraction and Separation Processes
Canadian institutionsVale (Canada)
Fundersnot available
KeywordsSmeltingLead smeltingMetallurgyRoastingScrapRefining (metallurgy)Slag (welding)Blast furnaceFlash smeltingSinteringBullionPig ironMaterials scienceWaste managementEnvironmental scienceEngineering

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Properties 3. Occurrence 4. Production 4.1. Ore Concentration 4.2. Smelting 4.2.1. Sintering Reduction Process 4.2.1.1. Downdraft Sintering 4.2.1.2. Updraft Sintering 4.2.1.3. Products of Sinter Roasting 4.2.2. Reduction in the Blast Furnace 4.2.2.1. Process Description 4.2.2.2. Lead Blast Furnaces 4.2.2.3. Products of the Lead Blast Furnace 4.2.2.4. Imperial Smelting Process 4.2.3. Advances in Sinter Plant–Blast Furnace/ISF Operations 4.3. Roast Reaction Processes 4.4. Direct Smelting Reduction Processes 4.4.1. Oxygen Flash Smelting 4.4.1.1. Kivcet Process 4.4.1.2. Top-Blown Rotary Converter (TBRC) 4.4.1.3. Outokumpu Process 4.4.2. Air–Slag Bath Smelting, Ausmelt/ISA Smelt furnace 4.4.3. Oxygen–Slag Bath Smelting, QSL Process 4.4.3.1. Products of Direct Smelting 4.5. Other Lead Processes 5. Refining of Lead Bullion 5.1. Pyrometallurgical Refining 5.1.1. Decoppering 5.1.2. Removal of Arsenic, Tin, and Antimony 5.1.3. Removal of Noble Metals 5.1.4. Dezincing 5.1.5. Debismuthizing 5.1.6. Final Refining and Casting of Lead 5.1.7. Processing of Intermediate Products of Pyrometallurgical Refining 5.2. Electrolytic Refining of Lead Bullion 6. Recovery of Secondary Lead from Scrap Materials 6.1. Battery Types and Composition 6.2. Preparation of Input Material for Secondary Smelting 6.3. Smelting of Battery Scrap Materials 6.4. Refining of Lead Bullion from Secondary Lead Production 7. Uses 8. Economic Aspects 9. Toxicology and Occupational Health 9.1. Sources of Lead Exposure 9.1.1. Drinking Water 9.1.2. Atmosphere 9.1.3. Soil 9.1.4. Diet 9.1.5. Consumer Products 9.1.6. Occupational Exposure 9.2. Absorption and Excretion 9.3. Effects 9.3.1. Acute Effects 9.3.2. Effects from Repeated Exposures 9.3.2.1. Hematological Effects 9.3.2.2. Neurological Effects 9.3.2.3. Cardiovascular and Renal Effects 9.3.2.4. Reproductive Effects 9.3.2.5. Carcinogenicity 9.4. Indices for Monitoring Lead Exposure 9.4.1. Lead in Blood 9.4.2. Teeth, Hair, and Bone 10. Control of Lead Emissions

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Research integrity, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.146
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0020.002
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.025
GPT teacher head0.244
Teacher spread0.219 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it