Lead
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Properties 3. Occurrence 4. Production 4.1. Ore Concentration 4.2. Smelting 4.2.1. Sintering Reduction Process 4.2.1.1. Downdraft Sintering 4.2.1.2. Updraft Sintering 4.2.1.3. Products of Sinter Roasting 4.2.2. Reduction in the Blast Furnace 4.2.2.1. Process Description 4.2.2.2. Lead Blast Furnaces 4.2.2.3. Products of the Lead Blast Furnace 4.2.2.4. Imperial Smelting Process 4.2.3. Advances in Sinter Plant–Blast Furnace/ISF Operations 4.3. Roast Reaction Processes 4.4. Direct Smelting Reduction Processes 4.4.1. Oxygen Flash Smelting 4.4.1.1. Kivcet Process 4.4.1.2. Top-Blown Rotary Converter (TBRC) 4.4.1.3. Outokumpu Process 4.4.2. Air–Slag Bath Smelting, Ausmelt/ISA Smelt furnace 4.4.3. Oxygen–Slag Bath Smelting, QSL Process 4.4.3.1. Products of Direct Smelting 4.5. Other Lead Processes 5. Refining of Lead Bullion 5.1. Pyrometallurgical Refining 5.1.1. Decoppering 5.1.2. Removal of Arsenic, Tin, and Antimony 5.1.3. Removal of Noble Metals 5.1.4. Dezincing 5.1.5. Debismuthizing 5.1.6. Final Refining and Casting of Lead 5.1.7. Processing of Intermediate Products of Pyrometallurgical Refining 5.2. Electrolytic Refining of Lead Bullion 6. Recovery of Secondary Lead from Scrap Materials 6.1. Battery Types and Composition 6.2. Preparation of Input Material for Secondary Smelting 6.3. Smelting of Battery Scrap Materials 6.4. Refining of Lead Bullion from Secondary Lead Production 7. Uses 8. Economic Aspects 9. Toxicology and Occupational Health 9.1. Sources of Lead Exposure 9.1.1. Drinking Water 9.1.2. Atmosphere 9.1.3. Soil 9.1.4. Diet 9.1.5. Consumer Products 9.1.6. Occupational Exposure 9.2. Absorption and Excretion 9.3. Effects 9.3.1. Acute Effects 9.3.2. Effects from Repeated Exposures 9.3.2.1. Hematological Effects 9.3.2.2. Neurological Effects 9.3.2.3. Cardiovascular and Renal Effects 9.3.2.4. Reproductive Effects 9.3.2.5. Carcinogenicity 9.4. Indices for Monitoring Lead Exposure 9.4.1. Lead in Blood 9.4.2. Teeth, Hair, and Bone 10. Control of Lead Emissions
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.740 | 0.615 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".