Supplementary material to "Changes in ground deformation prior to and following a large urbanlandslide in La Paz, Bolivia revealed by advanced InSAR"
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The 2011 Pampahasi landslide is one of seven historical landslides exceeding 1 Mm 3 in the La Paz area.Landslides of possibly similar size to the 2011 event happened in 1582 and 1873 in the southwest part of the La Paz valley system, but little is known of these events aside from sparse written accounts.The first event affected an area of 2 km 2 or more and buried the villages of Canoma and Ango Ango, which were likely located in Llojeta Valley (Fig. S1).This landslide claimed about 200 lives (Cabeza de Vaca, 1586; transcribed in Jiménez de la Espada, 1965, p. 342-351 andin Arispe, 2011).The second event involved extensive ground movement over an area of about 8 km 2 (Markham, 1874) and more rapid, localized movement that destroyed an area named Tembladerani (Markham, 1874) located southwest of the city centre, causing 32 deaths (Crespo, 1902).Its location may correspond to the modern area of the city called Tembladerani (Fig. S1), although Dobrovolny (1962) applies this name to a landslide deposit in Llojeta Valley.The loss of life from these two events suggests velocities exceeding several metres per second or, at the very least, a lack of prompt evacuation.Four smaller landslides happened in the twenty-first century in the Llojeta and Allpacoma valleys near the margins of the La Paz and Achocalla basins (Hermanns et al., 2012; Fig. 1B); they destroyed about 51 homes but did not claim any lives (Roberts, 2016) (Table S1).Most of these failures involved weakly lithified, fine-grained sediments of the middle part of the La Paz Formation, including large areas that had been previously mobilized by large paleolandslides.al.,1977).Rate estimates apply to the main failure mechanism.39 c Total area affected by landslide.Areas of pre-20th century landslides are based on written accounts and are approximate.Areas of 21st century landslides were accurately measured using high-40 resolution satellite imagery (see Roberts, 2016). No.Na me Da te Ra te a,b Area c Vol .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.723 | 0.190 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".