52nd Annual Meeting, Missouri Academy of Science, April 22-23, 2016, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Missouri

*Navarrete-Tindall, Nadia, Weber, P., Bartelette, S., Alverez, I. Lincoln University of Missouri. PROTECTING AND GROWING NATIVE WILD LEEKS IN MISSOURI. Wild leeks (Allium tricoccum) are shade tolerant edible plants native to deciduous forests in the United States and Canada. Conservation measures are underway in states like West Virginia, North Carolina, Virginia and New York because of the threat of overharvest. In Missouri, wild leeks are documented in 19 counties. To avoid this imminent risk in Missouri and protect natural populations, the main goal of this study is to offer training through outreach and education based on research conducted in these states. We are also evaluating them as specialty crops in Missouri to discourage digging in the wild. Plant growth and seed germination will be measured for 3 or more years at LU campus in raised beds, pots and field plots. Preliminary results on numbers of bulbs per plant and bulb size showed no differences for wild leeks grown in pots with three different soil media. Survival was close to 98% and animal disturbance and diseases were not observed. Five small farmers in Boone, Callaway, Cole and Scott Counties are collaborating with this study. Wild leeks' acceptability as an edible was tested in 2015 during food tasting sessions, in which volunteers rated flavor, aroma, texture, appearance and acceptability of recipes with wild leeks. Average rates for flavor, texture, aroma, presentation and overall acceptability of five recipes containing wild leeks was 4.2 to 4.5, with 5.0 being excellent. Evaluations will continue in 2016. This study receives funding from the Missouri Department of Agriculture and the USDA.*Panday, Dinesh and Nkongolo, N. Lincoln University of Missouri. EFFECT OF SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SOIL PORE SPACE TORTUOSITY AND GAS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT. Soil and crop management practices affect soil properties, but the assessment of the effects of these practices on soil is mostly restricted to properties such as soil moisture or bulk density. Soil pore space indices can better detect changes due crop and soil management, but they are not often investigated. We studied the effect of tillage (no-till vs conventional tillage), cover crop (no-rye vs rye) and crop rotation (continuous corn, continuous soybean, corn-soybean and soybean-corn) treatments on soil pore space indices: the relative gas diffusion coefficient (Ds/Do) and the pore tortuosity factor (τ). The study was conducted on a silt loam soil planted to corn and soybean at Freeman farm of Lincoln University in 2011-2015 growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 16 treatments and 3 replications. Soil samples were collected at two depths: 0-10 and 10-20 cm, and their fresh weights recorded. Samples were later oven dried at 105oC for 72 h. After drying, air-filled porosity (AFP) and total pore space (TPS) were calculated and later used in Marshall, Buckingham, Sallam et al, Millington, and Jin and Jury models for predicting Ds/Do and τ. Results showed that there were significant (p<0.05) tillage*cover crop and tillage*crop rotation interactions for both pore space indices for all models and years (except in 2011). Ds/Do increased in tilled plots with cover crop, however, τ decreased in tilled plot planted to rye. Ds/Do also increased in tilled corn-soybean rotation and continuous corn plots and τ followed an opposite trend to that of Ds/Do. Ds/Do and τ can be used to assess the impact of soil management practices on soil physical properties.*Panday, Dinesh and Nkongolo, N. Lincoln University of Missouri. EFFECT OF SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SOIL PORE SPACE TORTUOSITY AND RELATIVE GAS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT. Soil and crop management practices affect soil properties, but the assessment of the effects of these practices on soil is mostly restricted to properties such as soil moisture or bulk density. Soil pore space indices can better detect changes due crop and soil management, but they are not often investigated. We studied the effect of tillage (no-till vs conventional tillage), cover crop (no-rye vs rye) and crop rotation (continuous corn, continuous soybean, corn-soybean and soybean-corn) treatments on soil pore space indices: the relative gas diffusion coefficient (Ds/Do) and the pore tortuosity factor (τ). The study was conducted on a silt loam soil planted to corn and soybean at Freeman farm of Lincoln University in 2011-2015 growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 16 treatments and 3 replications. Soil samples were collected at two depths: 0-10 and 10-20 cm, and their fresh weights recorded. Samples were later oven dried at 105oC for 72 h. After drying, air-filled porosity (AFP) and total pore space (TPS) were calculated and later used in Marshall, Buckingham, Sallam et al, Millington, and Jin and Jury models for predicting Ds/Do and τ. Results showed that there were significant (p<0.05) tillage*cover crop and tillage*crop rotation interactions for both pore space indices for all models and years (except in 2011). Ds/Do increased in tilled plots with cover crop, however, τ decreased in tilled plot planted to rye. Ds/Do also increased in tilled corn-soybean rotation and continuous corn plots and τ followed an opposite trend to that of Ds/Do. Ds/Do and τ can be used to assess the impact of soil management practices on soil physical properties.*Rai, Dipti and Nkongolo, N. Lincoln University. MEASUREMENT OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM CORN/SOYBEAN FIELD USING PHOTOACOUSTIC INFARED SPECTROSCOPY AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. Greenhouse gas emissions have gained a special interest mainly due to their relation with global warming. Accurate measurements of these emissions are necessary to devise climate change's mitigation strategies. Photoacoustic Infrared Spectroscopy (PAS) and Gas Chromatography (GC) methods were evaluated for measuring CO2 emissions in a silt loam soil at Freeman Farm of Lincoln University. Sixteen PVC static and closed chambers measuring 30 cm in height and 20 cm in diameter were permanently inserted into the soil to a depth of approximately 5 cm. Soil air samples for gas analysis were collected from each chamber with 60 ml syringes and put into storage bags. Air samples analyses for determination of CO2 concentrations was conducted at Dickinson Research Lab using a GC. CO2 was also directly measured at these 16 locations using PAS. The accuracy of PAS and GC measurements were found comparable in different years 2012, 2013 and 2015. PAS measurements for CO2 showed a strong correlation (r= 0.84; p<0.05) with GC in 2012. Similar significant results between PAS and GC measurements were also found in the year 2013 (r=0.98; p<0.05) and 2015 (r=0.99; p<0.05), respectively. Apart from the good agreement between methods, portability and ease of operation makes PAS an alternative option for conventional gas chromatography.*Higgins, Todd R. Lincoln University. CANOLA FOR MISSOURI: HOW TO FIT INTO OUR CROPPING SYSTEMS. Canola is one of the major oilseed crops globally. Typically, North American growing locations have in and the of states. in have an for to a crop for and states. Research in Missouri is on both and Missouri, the for growing is to the of the of the crop to for to be in a alternative of is to seed in and in or to a soybean crop to be in the The on the of and the as a significant Lincoln University. MANAGEMENT FOR USING The of Missouri with of and In Missouri approximately to and in of native of and of the in Missouri are the of of the of Missouri have or of from a of being To and to and is that and alternative management for Missouri In this used to and no management for major for and a of found that management to and or no the of the management also to of to University of Missouri. Missouri the states in the in animal of the animal of a of in their This study on analysis of of analysis and strategies. presentation of this will be to of Missouri as to to their one of their Preliminary based on research that the the are both all and and that the based on and In to methods, also with studied the and of the to an and analysis found that the of the was of were were to and the and from Nkongolo, N. Department of Agriculture and Lincoln University. AND OF SOIL properties of in to crop directly or the of and in the of the of the of these properties is in their at field this study was conducted to the and of soil and soil the Soil samples were collected in in a field and to a for Soil properties were directly measured using a Results showed that the for and were and respectively. The analysis showed that the measured properties the of determination were showed that soil was with between and the were not the for the soil properties be using of Nkongolo, N. Department of Agriculture and Lincoln University. AND OF SOIL IN MISSOURI. In years the study of and climate are used in and crop and Soil properties are also studied as an crop is being to and these soil properties that farmers are more and are In Lincoln University conducted a soil at farm to assess and the of and on the was to a This was into a which showed two The of was and was with no of or showed that a a the of in the followed of a in the was also a of in the of the field for Nkongolo, N. Department of Agriculture and Lincoln University. SOIL USING AND IN MISSOURI. of the and of soil properties is in and analysis can in such and The of this study was to and soil using and The study was conducted in a field in in Missouri. Soil samples are collected in the farm and to a of soil properties and Soil of were and Results showed that the of for and were and respectively. The and for these properties were close to of the analysis showed that and were to a with the of and respectively. and that a with to and This study the and of in and soil Nkongolo, N. Department of Agriculture and Lincoln University. OF on soil is of in and management of the We studied the of soil and in a silt loam soil at Freeman farm of Lincoln University. samples were collected in 2015 at 0-10 cm depth and to for The of was studied using both and Results showed that of were and for and respectively. coefficient of from for and for analysis showed that to an with The showed the concentrations of in the of the the Missouri and on the to a with and with concentrations in the of the and to a with and respectively. analysis was in the of the Nkongolo, N. Department of Agriculture and Lincoln University. AND OF SOIL IN FIELD soil properties is in the overall and of a We studied the of soil bulk and in a field in Missouri. The farm is at and on soil properties and was collected in 2013 using a Soil samples were also collected at a depth of cm for the determination of soil bulk as as soil physical and were used for Results for analysis showed that from to with an of Soil showed the with a of and of a of of showed a on the of the field on the The however, showed on the the of the field there was significant correlation between the two of properties showed a more the Nkongolo, N. Department of Agriculture and Lincoln University. SOIL MISSOURI. of soil properties is in plant and crop can to farm are for their We the of soil at The farm is in and are of and Soil samples were collected at 30 cm depth and to a for analysis The of were and Results showed that the for and were to their that for these The of from for to for In from to a of showed that the of were in the of the this can better the of N. Department of Lincoln University. AND OF SOIL of the soil properties is in farm management and We conducted a and analysis of soil properties and at farm of Lincoln University. The properties studied were soil total total and were soil and Soil samples were in and were to for the analyses of these properties and The results of analysis showed that the was and from to that the soil of the study was The coefficient of from for to for that the for soil properties were to their that these properties were analysis showed that soil properties to a of models with from to also showed that soil properties were with of and concentrations the the of properties can be for farm management and Lincoln University. USING was to in of a farm The was of PVC in and to a closed were planted with two of and and two of and was and food at a of to an with The was used as of and to plant and were at to The was in the of and plants size and appearance with during the growing This that can be using an with the of and of to This the of food at and small in a space The and on and of are to the of growing Missouri University. have based management on for crop an to and on a was collected for corn and soybean at the Research in were with evaluating using are to and between and such as soil to are to and that can be in Department of and Research Lincoln OF AND IN and such as soil and continue to be a major in in due to the of and the in the of The of this study is to of three different with with and with Samples were collected from 2015 to from and and for major and concentrations in the were and in and respectively. concentrations in were in with on at and respectively. concentrations in were in at both and The concentrations were and in and at the were and in and at This study a of the in in Agriculture Department of Missouri University. NATIVE FOR AND IN MISSOURI. native to Missouri were evaluated for and during the into a soil in plants of each were planted in in a growing plots per were planted in each of the plots of plants of each for the year the and and to good and during the growing and and and of plots of were but were not of the in the plots and The will the of plant used for or and in Lincoln University. OF AND FOR as a soil for directly not the is with of be with a the in their from be and or is of in of with and are of and be more is in with for soil We with of containing and impact on were into of an of three were one of three and each of and with were five a with two of food and growth showed no differences as a of We and not affect or research is to on and soil Nkongolo, Lincoln of Missouri. CROP AND MANAGEMENT management practices such as cover crops and tillage have the to into This study was conducted on an soil at Lincoln Freeman Farm to the of cover crop and tillage management on in field The field three in a randomized block design with each plot measuring and The two cover crop at two cover crop no cover and tillage at two tillage no management continuous corn rates were measured using during the and 2015 growing seasons. were using the and crop management increased with no cover management with but this effect was not due to crop management can soil which the of crop Nkongolo, N. Lincoln Missouri. EFFECT OF OF AND CROPPING ON OF The practices of rotation and cover affect the and physical properties of soil and affect the of also soil soil soil and soil in The of this research was to assess the effect of years of rotation and cover on the of plots of soybean were in a randomized complete block design with treatments and 3 replications. at two conventional and no cover crop at two no cover crop and cover rotation at continuous continuous soybean, soybean and soybean was used as a cover was from different in each In the effect of tillage and crop rotation was significant soybean the tillage was significant for the year of was significant for the soybean to the treatments the was not years of study. that more be a of to better the effects of cover crop and crop rotation on soybean Lincoln University. TO SOIL USING In an to of that have using a and of the that was were and was were using the and during the was that and using and were analyses of the that is a good soil and can be used to in of The such as and more for plant and to plant Lincoln University. OF USING OF TO are with in the as a of the of these fresh as of a are they are not and have using the native can be a better alternative to and of fresh The of this study were to and of as the to and of fresh This study was conducted to from of to their in and to their effects in In were and their were tested the and In the 19 showed at one of the on the results of analyses and these were to be or In study that of these be the of the The showed a of using the of from to the of the University of Missouri. OF IN WILD AND IN MISSOURI. is a deciduous native to North In Missouri, wild are and found in and The edible that in the and on the into interest in the in the due to the and for food and In with and is and is a The of seed in is often and as a of the such not such a a better of the seed and into the of the The of this research is to the of in wild and in Missouri. wild and were in Missouri. each were collected and the seed in each was and The of the seed in the will be as as a of the and of the Missouri University. OF TO The of Agriculture and at Missouri with from a with The of this was to from was with the of and the to the soil the was to the analysis that was the soil and the was the of Missouri University. IN The of the 2015 research was to assess and differences in and and showed however, the of all were not different between the and concentrations were not different because of however, concentrations were in from the concentrations were in from the and Missouri University. OF AND IN OF of are in gas using used to the and their in that were and of the in were and properties with and were and from and in were the of with relative The for from Average were to with to and Department of Missouri University. OF FROM is a which in a as the We have of from samples collected in The are to from the collected from this have using and and of have used for of have and differences from that and research will can be Missouri University. OF or soil that mostly is a found in or such as West The is often used in in often of and there is the with this to the of and to of these are Samples were collected a of a in were using on two samples with the of and of of that the We have also tested for the properties of the on were from and that were to of were are being tested for their to Missouri University. EFFECT OF ON OF is one of the for an of major a of the of is the of as into major and for the effects of on a of and on the effects of these on plants are research on the effects of these on plant germination or on plant have found germination was in in and in to the et The of this research was to the effects of a major on the germination of corn The concentrations used in these were and The were total of and of germination and corn growth were the The germination and be to the of the corn through and the of to the of affect the later of as University. IN OF USING FROM TO the of is of the of but to in natural the of and in from both space and can be a that the of to be from a collected at a in goal is to the to the in models of and in that a in and are of the of a and in respectively. We to two and that can the based on a We have to the to because the the University campus is This have for study to or in which the to from Missouri University. SOIL OF IN The of Missouri, and was the of for and the the concentrations of and continue to be found in the soil and was in the the in In to the of a soil of the of in was Samples were collected a an of in 2015 and for soil and moisture analyses of 20 showed concentrations of and the Soil moisture from and from analysis of that collected from the were different (p<0.05) analyses and of are will be used to to the of the S., University of Missouri. OF AND IN are in but not all and The for these differences in are not In 2012, et an in in the and due to of and and for the and respectively. The is a factor that and for a to or of the in that the of with an in as in differences in the and between were measured through of in the of was different from the in the but not different in the of the of was with with the in are This was the University of Missouri to University of Missouri. 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AND TO IN are that can be found all the and are is of that a in have to on and mostly and a of and have an effect on and that to the of each To these and measurements were from and measurements have found to be of in conducted in such as and were using to the of the and were in different to measurements to be using the were into that were the of their analysis and analyses were used to and their to and OF IN AND OF The the of the of a of this have to to of the of these have to the and have as being as In to better this in is to the of in the of To the of in the of were and samples of the and and the were as a of the of the found on samples the more of of more was to them in this study. 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OF SOIL ON OF AND The in was to years of and in the can be found the a for but no to the the Soil samples were collected from an the of was from the is being used to with and Results of will be and to the of soil as of a to effects on soil and in the of OF IN OF is a of the and of The of is a growing for in and The for is the which the to of for of are to and in the of of is between and due to the close interactions between and their The of this study was to the of at three in the and to them at the samples were collected the and of in from of the were as of the but they were not as Sixteen of the tested for was in the in the of tested the of this study was to in these the results that is not on these but of are and are being University. OF AND IN are that the between in are in and In are to have as a of In this and were the of to the of such and to total of and

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