Left Ventricular Longitudinal Myocardial Contraction Is Associated with Cognitive Status: A Cross-Sectional Study in Community-Dwelling Populations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aims: The interaction between the heart and brain is highly complex. Left ventricular (LV) longitudinal contraction is the most sensitive to the presence of myocardial disease. Whether subclinical change in LV longitudinal contraction assessed by echocardiography is associated with cognitive impairment in the general population has not been investigated. Methods and Results: All residents aged ≥ 35 years, living in five villages of Shunyi, a suburb district of Beijing, were invited to participate in the study from June 2013 to April 2016. This was an exploratory cross-sectional analysis of the baseline data of 894 participants enrolled in the Shunyi Study. Cognitive status was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). LV longitudinal contraction was assessed by the peak systolic velocity measured at the mitral annulus (Sm) obtained by Tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography. Cognitive impairment (MoCA score <26) was found in 771 (86.2%) participants. LV longitudinal myocardial contraction (Sm) and diastolic function (Em, E/A ratio, and E/e) were associated with cognitive impairment (all P<0.01). The association between Sm and cognitive impairment remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, education level, physical activity, vascular risk factors, and cerebral small-vessel disease (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73–0.97, P=0.02). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for Sm in identifying normal cognitive status showed the area under the curve of 0.59 (95% CI, 0.54–0.65; P<0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that LV longitudinal myocardial contraction in the general population is associated with cognitive status in Chinese community-dwelling populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".