Field evaluation of the potential for avian exposure to clothianidin following the planting of clothianidin-treated corn seed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This objective of this study was to quantify consumption of clothianidin-treated corn seed by birds following standard planting practices. Post-planting seed counts on 21 fields in southwestern Ontario, Canada, demonstrated that a small proportion of total sown treated seeds remained on the soil surface immediately post-planting (i.e. mean 0.3 ±0.2% of the total sown seeds). Behavior monitoring of individual birds and 24-hr remote video surveillance were deployed to investigate how much of the treated seed remaining on the soil surface was consumed by birds. Spotting scopes were used to monitor the full duration of the field visits of 596 individual birds during morning hours for three consecutive days after planting on each of the 21 fields. Only two birds were observed consuming treated seeds (one seed each) and three birds consumed seeds for which the treatment status could not be visually confirmed. Similarly, in > 1,380 hours of continuous video monitoring of field locations with the highest likelihood of avian exposure (where multiple treated seeds remained clustered on the soil surface), no birds were observed eating treated seed. This study provides field verification on two factors that determine exposure: 1) standard sowing practices in Ontario are effective at burying treated seeds such that the count of seeds on the soil surface after planting is low, and 2) foraging birds monitored on these fields consumed very few of the clothianidin-treated corn seeds remaining on the soil surface after planting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".