Cyclic injection of CO<SUB align="right">2 into a saline aquifer with extended interface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cyclic CO2 injection is considered to be an effective method to maximise CO2 dissolution in hydrocarbon reservoirs (Reznik et al., 1984; Monger et al., 1991) and saline aquifers (Zhang and Agarwal, 2012; Dusseault et al., 2012). Gravity override and evolution of a transition zone have large effects on the development of a saturation transition zone between the pure host fluid and the injected gas. In this paper, equivalent relative permeability functions are derived to address the effect of gravity override, allowing reduction of the problem dimension from 2D to 1D. An analytical solution for saturation distribution in a cyclic drainage-imbibition process is obtained. To incorporate the solubility of CO2 in the aqueous phase, a one-way coupled approximation is used and a numerical solution is proposed for derivation of compositional distribution of the chemical species. Information about saturation distribution from the analytical solution provides saturation distribution over time and distance, and this is substituted in the concentration distribution equation. In contrast to previously well-studied analytical solutions (e.g., Orr, 2007), this hybrid scheme includes the effect of kinetic mass transfer and dispersion, and provides a reasonable approximation for saturation-concentration distribution during injection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".