Glubran- 2 Acrylic Glue for Percutaneous Embolization of Intramuscular Vascular Malformations of Lower Limbs: Preliminary Experience
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aims: Vascular anomalies (VA) represent a heterogeneous and rare group of pathologies. Ethanol is considered the gold standard in endovascular embolization procedures, but its use exposes to the risk of major complications. Glubran-2 is a new glue agent, used mainly for catheter-based cerebral embolization. Our study reported preliminary experiences with a group of 13 patients treated for intramuscular VA of limbs with Glubran-2 solution by venous retrograde percutaneous embolization.
 Methods: Through an Angiographic CT/MRI we selected 13 adult patients (6 males, 7 females), seven with limb AVMs and six with limb VM, all intramuscular. All patients reported pain and functional limitation as presenting symptoms. Glubran-2 was injected under fluoroscopic guidance through multiple percutaneous punctures, to cover the entire extension of the lesion.
 Results: In the 6-month follow-up, all patients reported pain reduction, rapid recovery of function, favourable post-operative course and absence of major complications. Angio-RMI control was performed in all patients. It showed Glubran-2 in place and the exclusion of the malformation. Percutaneous retrograde embolization with Glubran-2 permanently excluded muscle malformations from circulation: only one embolization procedure was, in 12 of 13 patients, sufficient for a complete and definitive treatment. Rapid polymerization of Glubran-2 glue, after its injection, cancelled the risk of pulmonary embolisms and skin necrosis. Secondary surgical removal was never necessary to complete treatment of these deep muscle malformations.
 Conclusions: This study showed that the percutaneous embolization technique with Glubran-2 glue can be considered favorable in the treatment of the VA of the limbs for its easier handling and promising outcome.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".