Photon‐In Photon‐Out Spectroscopic Techniques for Materials Analysis: Some Recent Developments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter presents the recent developments of two synchrotron materials analysis techniques and their synergy under the common theme of photon-in photon-out spectroscopic techniques. The first technique is fluorescence yield (FLY) and inverse partial fluorescence yield (IPFY) for X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements using Si drift detectors; a study of LiFePO 4 (LFP) is used as the example. In the soft X-ray region, nearly all the photons are absorbed because the samples are often thicker than the attenuation length. The second technique is 2D XANES-X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) spectroscopy in both the energy and time domain for the investigation of the band gap and optical properties of light-emitting ZnO-GaN nanostructure solid solutions. The lifetime of the optical decay of XEOL (TRXEOL) from GaN-ZnO (GZNO) has been investigated using an optical streak camera (OSC) with a fast sweep. The chapter then discusses the prospects of the techniques for future applications and other related studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".